Neuro Studyguide

How movement skills develop over time through kinesiology

Motor development

Motor development is influences by:

Time (age), maturation (genetics), adaptation (physical/environmental constraints), and learning and sensory experiences

How the brain controls posture and movement through motor input, cognitive input, sensory input/feedback

Motor control

Sensory stimulation produces…

Reflexive motor response

What is an example of rooting?

A babies suckling reflex

What is an example of withdrawal?

A baby pulling legs up when being lowered into grass

T/F: Reflexive motor responses are supposed to be maintained with age

False

Feeling if your throw was strong or weak is an example of:

Intrinsic Feedback

Coach says “bend your knees more” is an example of

Extrinsic feedback

Reflex naturally fades/becomes controlled as the brain develops, allowing more voluntary and purposeful movement

Integration

Gradual suppression of infantile reflexes as voluntary control acquired

Maturation

What are the four steps in the relationship of mobility and stability and body postures?

Mobility, stability, controlled mobility, skill

Going from crawling to standing is an example of:

Skill

Movement within a posture is known as:

Controlled mobility

In what direction does postural control develop?

Cephalocaudal (head to tail)

What are the three stages of reactions in postural control development?

Righting reaction, protective reactions, equilibrium reactions

Which type of loop feedback occurs when the error is corrected during the event?

Closed

Which type of loop feedback occurs when the error is corrected after the event?

Open

Indepentent, WBOS, lateral WS via large abduction of lower extremities:

12-15 months

Up/down stairs with step-to with help, supine to stand transition recirpical UE swing with heel strike

16-18 months

Faster, reciprocal UE swing, bigger steps, increased SLS time, up/down stairs one step at a time IND, kick large ball , rides on toy

24 months (2 years)

What is the stimulus for the ROOTING reflex?

touch corner of the mouth/lips

What is the response to stimulus for the ROOTING reflex?

Moves head toward stimulus, suckling

When should the ROOTING rflex be suppressed?

4 months

What is the stimulus for the MORO reflex?

Sudden neck extension

What is the response to stimulus for the MORO reflex?

Arms extend and abduct

When should the MORO reflex be suppressed?

4-6 months

What is the stimulus for the POSITIVE SUPPORT reflex?

Tactile contact, WB on sole of the foot

What is the response to stimulus with POSITIVE SUPPORT reflex?

LE extension for supporting partial body weight

When should the POSITIVE SUPPORT reflex be suppressed and replaced by standing?

3-7 months

What is the stimulus for the PALMAR GRASP reflex?

Pressure or touch on palm

What is the response to stimulus for the PALMAR GRASP reflex?

Flexion of fingers

When should the PALMAR GRASP reflex be suppressed?

5-6 months

What is the stimulus for the ATNR reflex (aka fencing response)?

Head turning to side

What is the response to stimulus for the ATNR reflex?

Extension of UE/LE on chin side, flexion of UE/LE on occiput side

When should the ATNR reflex be suppressed?

6-7 months

What is the stimulus for the STNR reflex?

Neck flexion or neck extension

What is the response to stimulus for the STNR reflex?

UE flexion/LE extension (neck flex), UE extension/LE flexion (neck ext)

When should the STNR reflex be suppressed?

6-7 months

What is the stimulus for the PLANTAR GRASP reflex?

Pressure on sole of foot

What is the response to stimulus for the PLANTAR GRASP reflex?

toe flexion

When should the PLANTAR GRASP reflex be suppressed?

12-18 months

What is the stimulus for the TONIC LABYRINTHINE reflex?

Head flexion or head extension

What is the response to stimulus for the TONIC LABYRINTHINE reflex?

UE/LE flex into body (head flex), UE/LE extend (head extend)

When should the TONIC LABYRINTHINE reflex be suppressed?

4 months (head flex), 3 months-3 years 9head ext)

What is the stimulus for the PROTECTIVE EXTENSION reflex?

Displacement of COG outside BOS

What is the response to stimulus for the PROTECTIVE EXTENSION reflex?

EXT-ADD of extremity towards side of displacement

When should the PROTECTIVE EXTENSION reflex emerge?

5-12 months

What is the stimulus for the GALANT reflex?

touch to skin along spine from shoulder to hip

What is the response to stimulus for the GALANT reflex?

lateral flexion of trunk to side of stimulus

When should the GALANT reflex be suppressed?

2 months

What is the stimulus for the STARTLE reflex?

Loud sudden noise

What is the response to stimulus for the STARTLE reflex?

Moro, but with elbows flexed, hands closed

When should the STARTLE reflex by suppressed?

5 months

What is the stimulus for the STEPPING reflex?

Supported upright, soles flat on surface

What is the response to stimulus for the STEPPING reflex?

Reciprocal flex/ext of LEs

When should the STEPPING reflex be suppressed?

2 months

Placental abruption, birth asphyxia, and neonatal medical problems are risk factors for:

Cerebral Palsy

Which CP is associated with Upper Motor Neuron damage and damage to the cerebral cortex/motor cortex?

Spastic

Define dyskinesia?

Uncontrollable movement

Define dystonia

involuntary muscle contractions causing repetitive or twisting movements

Define athetosis

slow, continuous writhing movement

Which CP is associated with damage to the basal ganglia?

Dyskinetic

What tracts are affected with dyskinetic CP?

Reticulospinal vestibulospinal, rubrospinal, and tectospinal

Which CP is associated with damage to the cerebellum?

Ataxic

Which CP is associated with damage to multiple areas to the brain?

Mixed

What are s/s of hypotonic (usually cerebellar damage)

poor head control, delayed motor skills, fatigue/exhaustion, laxity in ligaments/joints, poor balance

What is the term used for floppy infants with low muscle tone?

Hypotonia

Tone fluctuations are typically seen in children with:

Athetoid CP

Velocity dependent increase in muscle tone

Spasticity

What two medications are used to treat spasticity?

Baclofen and Botox

What is a common medication for spasticity with seizures?

Diazepam

Hypertonus is an umbrella term for:

Increased resistence to PROM not affected by the speed of movement

_______ is uncommon in CP and is due to damage to the ____ _____.

Rigidity; basal ganglia

Sustained or intermittent muscle contractions

Dystonia

Slow, writhing movement

Athetosis

Jerky, dance like movement:

Chorea

What type of seizures are generalized to the entire body and always involved in LOC

Generalized

What type of seizures begin with stiffening (tonic), then change to jerking (clonic) movements

Tonic-clonic

What type of seizures are characterized by stiffening of the entire body?

Tonic

What type of seizures are characterized by myoclonic jerk (start/stop abruptly)

Clonic

What type of seizures are non convulsive with LOC; blinking, starting, minor movements lasting a few seconds

Absence

Esotropia

turning in

Exotropia

Turning out

Strabismus

general misalignment of eyes

Nystagmus

eyes move back and forth rapidly in horizontal, vertical or rotary direction

Inversion, supination, plantar flexion

Equinovarus

Eversion, adduction, plantar flexion

Equinovalgus

Adduction deformity of elevated hip, abduction of opposite hip

Windswept deformity