Introduction to Biology and Taxonomy

Flashcards covering basic biology definitions, characteristics of life, levels of organization, the three-domain system, the six kingdoms, and taxonomic hierarchy based on the lecture transcript.

What is the literal definition of Biology according to the lecture notes?

Life

What are the eight characteristics that make something alive?

Highly organized, Respond to Stimuli, Reproduction, Adaption, Growth & Development, Regulation, Homeostasis, Energy Processing

What are the first four levels of organization for living things leading up to a cell?

Atom, Molecule, Macromolecule, Organelle

What level of organization is directly between a Tissue and an Organ System?

Organ

In a park setting, what is the relationship between an organism and a population?

Each person is an organism, and together all the people make up a population

What constitutes a community in the example of a park?

All the plant and animal species in the park

What consists of living organisms and the environment in which they live, specifically in the Central Park example?

Ecosystem

What term encompasses all the ecosystems on Earth?

The biosphere

Who is known as the "Father of Modern Taxonomy"?

Carl Linnaeus

In what century did Carl Linnaeus live and work on taxonomy?

$$1700\text{'s}$$

What are the two parts of Binomial Naming?

$\text{Genus species}$ or $\text{G.species}$

What are the key characteristics of Prokaryotes according to the domains?

Always Unicellular, No membrane bound organelles, and No nucleus

What are three defining features of Eukaryotes?

Unicellular or Multicellular, Membrane bound organelles, and Distinct Nucleus

Which scientist proposed the 3 Domain system in $1977$?

Carl Woese

What major change did Carl Woese introduce to bacterial classification?

Separated Archaea from regular Bacteria

List the three domains identified in the Phylogenetic Tree of Life.

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

What are the six kingdoms of life?

Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Fungi, Plantae, Protista, Animalia

Which two kingdoms are classified as Prokaryote?

Archaebacteria and Eubacteria

Which four kingdoms are classified as Eukaryote?

Fungi, Plantae, Protista, Animalia

In what type of environments do Archaebacteria live?

Extreme environments

What is the specific temperature of magma mentioned in the notes regarding extreme environments?

$$1200\,^\circ\text{C}$$

What is the temperature range mentioned for evolved seawater plumes in the Archaebacteria context?

$$100-350\,^\circ\text{C}$$

Where are Bacteria found in the environment?

Everywhere

What are two common shapes of Bacteria listed in the notes?

Cocci and Bacilli

Most Protista fall into which category of cellularity and size?

Most microscopic and Unicellular

What three structures might Protista use for locomotion?

Cilia, flagella, or pseudopodia

What term is used in the notes to describe some Protista that are capable of causing disease?

Pathogenic

What is the cell wall of Fungi composed of?

Chitin

What ecological role do Fungi play in the environment?

Decomposers

Are most Fungi unicellular or multicellular?

Multicellular

What organelle is characteristic of the Kingdom Plantae?

Chloroplast

What is the cell wall of Plantae composed of?

Cellulose

What are the distinct characteristics of the Kingdom Animalia?

Eukaryotic, No Cell Wall, Multicellular, and Ingest Nutrients

List the levels of the Taxonomic Hierarchy from most general to most specific.

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

According to the red fox example, what is its Domain?

Eukarya

In the taxonomic hierarchy of a red fox, which Phylum does it belong to?

Chordata

To which Order does the red fox ($\text{Vulpes vulpes}$) belong?

Carnivora

Which Family contains the red fox?

Canidae

What is the Genus of the red fox?

$$\text{Vulpes}$$

What is the full Binomial name for the Red fox?

$$\text{Vulpes vulpes}$$