Biochem Exam 1 - Lecture 2

what is glycolysis

breakdown of glucose to produce ATP and pyruvate, which can be shuttled to the Krebs cycle

what is Gluconeogenesis

pathway that synthesizes glucose from various molecules

what is the Pentose Phosphate Pathway

produces NADPH and ribose-5 phosphate, and is a major regulator of cellular redox and shunts carbons back to glyolytic and gluconeogenic pathways

what is B oxidation

cells use to breakdown fatty acids into acetyl-CoA, which can enter into the Krebs cycle to produce energy

what is the Krebs Cycle

also known as the citric acid cycle and the TCA cycle, series of enzyme catalyzed chemical reactions that release stored energy by the oxidation of acetyle-CoA

what is the mitochondria

organelle within the eukaryotic cell that generate most of the cellular energy needed by cells

what is electron transport

series of reactikons that shuttle electrons from NADH to FADH2 to molecular oxygen. results in the pumping of protons from the mitochondrial matrixinto the mitochondrial intermembrane space and oxygen is reduced to form water. the H ions (protons) are pumped into the mitochondrial matric via the ATP synthase enzyme, which uses the force to phsphorylate ADP making ATP (oxidative phosphorylation)

what is amino acid oxidation

process by which amino acids are converted into end products that are utilized by other metabolic pathways

what is the urea cycle

pathway for detoxifying excess nitrogen in the form of ammonia by converting it into uric acid or urea

what is a catabolic process

process that breaks down molecules

what is an anabolic process

process that build complex molecules

what is an amphibolic process

pathway that does both catabolism and anabolism

what are the 3 enzymes of glycolysis in order

hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, pyruvate kinase

what is the end product of glycolysis

net yield of 2 atp and 2 pyruvate

ATP is energy ______ molecules

storage

what is the first step of glycolysis

glucose → glu-6-phosphate

what enzymes catalyse the first step of glycolysis

hexokinase and glucokinase

what type of enzyme if hexokinase

regulatory, it is inhibited by the product that it makes and functions at normal concentrations of glucose

what does glucokinase do

only phosphorylates glucose, and is found predominately in the liver, requires a much higher concentration of glucose to become fully active

what are the 2 key regulatory steps of glycolysis

fru-6-phosphate → fru-1,6- bisphosphate, and phosphoenolpyruvate→pyruvate

what enzyme catalyzes fru-6-phosphate → fru-1,6- bisphosphate

phosphofructokinase

what enzyme catalyzes phosphoenolpyruvate→pyruvate

pyruvate kinase

when is phosphofructokinase inhibited

high concentrations of ATP, citrate and long-chain fatty acids

when is pyruvate kinase inhibited

ATP, AMP, citrate, long chain fatty acids, acetyl-coa, and alanine

when is pyruvate kinase stimulated

middle energy states

where does electron transport take place

inner mitochondrial membrane

where does the pentose phosphate pathway occur

cytosol, especially in the liver and adipose cells

what is the pentose phosphate pathway controlled by

glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, inhibited by high levels of NADPH and fatty acid intermediates

what does the PPP produce NADPH for

fatty acid and steroid synthesis

what does the PPP produce ribose for

nucleotide synthesis

what are the different fates of glucose

storage, oxidation via glycolysis, oxidation via PPP

what does glucose turn into if it is used for storage

glycogen, starch, sucrose

what does glucose turn into if its oxidized in glycolysis

pyruvate

what does glucose turn into it if it oxidized using the PPP

Ribose- 5- phosphate

______ is the synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors

gluconeogenesis

where does gluconeogensis occur

liver and kidneys

what are the 3 precursors for gluconeogenesis

amino acids, lactic acids, glycerol

what is not a precursor for gluconeogenesis

fatty acids

pyruvate to glucose is

gluconeogenesis

glucose to glycogen is

glycogenesis

glycogen to glucose is

glycogenolysis

glucose to pyruvate is

glycolysis

what is the site of oxidative phosphorylation

mitochondria

where do all mitochondria come from

mom

where does glycolysis occur

cytoplasm

what does the krebs cycle do

generates citrate from pyruvate

what are the start and end points of the electron transport chain

NADH→ Nad+ + 2H, Fadh2 → FAD + 2H, [ 2H + 1/2O2 + 2e- → h20] x2

Glycolysis net energy yeilds

2 atp, 2 nadh

citric acid cycle net energy yeilds

2 atp, 8 nadh, 2fadh2

how many atp can a singular molecule of glucose produce

30-32

what are free fatty acids transported by

albumin

what is the main storage for of fatty acids

triglycerides

where are chylomicrons formed

small intestines

what do chylomicrons transport

triglycerides, phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins

where is VLDL made

liver

what do VLDL transport

triglycerides, phopholipids, cholesterol, and cholesterol esters

saturated fatty acids

contain no double bonds

monounsaturated fatty acids

one double bound

polyunsaturated fatty acids

more than one double bond

cis unsaturated fatty acids

the hydrogens are located on the same side

trans unsaturated

hydrogens are located on the opposite sides

is B oxidation a catabolic or anabolic process

catabolic

whre does oxidation of fatty acids take place

mitochondria

what is the carnitine transport system used for

getting fatty acids into the mitochondria (active transport)

which amino acids are oxidized into pyruvate and the acetyl-CoA

alanine, threonine, glycine, serine, cysteine

which amino acids are oxidized into oxaloacetate

aspartate and asparagine

which amino acids are oxidized into fumarate

phenylalanine and tyrosinw

which amino acids are oxidized into glutamate then a-ketoglutarate

arginine histidine, glutatmine, proline

which amino acids are oxidized into succinyl-CoA (that also yeilds acetyl-CoA)

Isoleucine, methionone, valine

which amino acids can be oxidized to acetoacetyl-CoA then Acetyl-CoA

phenylalanine, tyrosine, lysine, leucine,tryptophan

which amino acids can e directly oxidized to acetyle- CoA

leucine, Tryptophan

what links the citric acid cycle and the urea cycle

fumarate

what is the urea acid cycle

amino acid catabolism that gets rid of excess nitrogen (NH3)

where does the urea acid cycle occur

liver mitochondira cytosol