BIO 205 Human Anatomy Exam 1 Review Flashcards

Vocabulary practice flashcards covering Units 1-4 of Human Anatomy (BIO 205), including organization levels, body cavities, organ systems, anatomical directions, cell biology, histology, and integumentary concepts.

Chemical Level

The structural level of organization where atoms combine to form molecules.

Cellular Level

The structural level of organization where molecules form cells, serving as the basic structural and functional unit of life.

Tissue Level

The structural level of organization where groups of similar cells perform a specific, specialized function.

Organ Level

The structural level of organization where different types of tissues combine to form organs.

Organ System Level

The structural level of organization where groups of organs work together to perform complex, coordinated functions.

Organism Level

The highest level of biological organization where all organ systems combine to form a complete living organism.

Levels of Organization

The hierarchical sequence of structural complexity in the human body: atom, molecule, macromolecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, and organism.

Cranial Cavity

The body cavity located within the axial portion (dorsal cavity) that houses the brain.

Vertebral Canal

The cavity located within the axial portion (dorsal cavity) that contains the spinal cord and backbone.

Thoracic Cavity

The axial cavity occupying the chest region that houses viscera such as the heart, esophagus, trachea, thymus, and lungs.

Abdominopelvic Cavity

The axial cavity subdivided into the abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity, housing organs of digestion, excretion, and reproduction.

Pleural Cavities

Subdivisions of the thoracic cavity that enclose the lungs.

Mediastinum

The central compartment of the thoracic cavity containing the heart, trachea, esophagus, and thymus.

Visceral Pleura

The serous membrane that adheres directly to the external surface of the lungs.

Parietal Pleura

The serous membrane that lines the internal wall of the thoracic cavity.

Visceral Pericardium

The serous membrane that adheres directly to the outer surface of the heart.

Parietal Pericardium

The serous membrane lining the outer pericardial cavity wall.

Visceral Peritoneum

The serous membrane that directly covers the external surface of the abdominal organs.

Parietal Peritoneum

The serous membrane that lines the internal wall of the abdominal cavity.

Integumentary System

The organ system comprising the skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands.

Skeletal System

The organ system consisting of bones, ligaments, and cartilages.

Endocrine System

The organ system consisting of glands that secrete hormones, including the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, ovaries, testes, pineal, and thymus glands.

Cardiovascular System

The organ system consisting of the heart, arteries, capillaries, and veins.

Lymphatic System

The organ system consisting of lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus, and spleen.

Digestive System

The organ system consisting of the mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and small and large intestines.

Respiratory System

The organ system consisting of the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.

Urinary System

The organ system consisting of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.

Anterior (Ventral)

Directional term meaning toward the front of the body.

Posterior (Dorsal)

Directional term meaning toward the back of the body.

Superior (Cranial)

Directional term meaning toward the head or upper part of a structure.

Inferior (Caudal)

Directional term meaning toward the tail or lower part of a structure.

Proximal

Directional term meaning closer to the point of origin or attachment (generally the trunk).

Distal

Directional term meaning farther away from the point of origin or attachment (generally the trunk).

Medial

Directional term meaning closer to the midline of the body or a body part.

Lateral

Directional term meaning farther away from the midline of the body or a body part.

Superficial

Directional term meaning closer to the surface of the body.

Deep

Directional term meaning farther below the surface of the body.

Relative Position Terms

Standard directional terms used in human anatomy to describe the relative positions of body parts.

Sagittal Plane

A vertical plane that divides the body or an organ into right and left portions.

Frontal (Coronal) Plane

A vertical plane that divides the body or an organ into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions.

Transverse (Horizontal) Plane

A horizontal plane that divides the body or an organ into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions.

Body Planes

Anatomical reference cuts used to slice the body, including sagittal, transverse (horizontal), and frontal (coronal) planes.

Abdominopelvic Regions and Quadrants

Subdivisions used to locate abdominal organs, consisting of 9 distinct regions (e.g., epigastric, umbilical, pubic) or 4 quadrants (RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, LLQ).

Interphase

The non-dividing phase of the cell cycle consisting of cellular growth and preparation steps, divided into $G_1$, S, and $G_2$ phases.

$G_1$ (Gap 1) Phase

The sub-phase of interphase characterized by cell growth, normal metabolic activities, and duplication of organelles.

S (Synthesis) Phase

The sub-phase of interphase during which DNA replication occurs, producing two identical copies of each chromosome.

$G_2$ (Gap 2) Phase

The final sub-phase of interphase involving additional cellular growth and final preparation steps for mitosis.

Mitosis

Division of the cell nucleus leading to two identical daughter nuclei; comprises prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

Cytokinesis

The physical division of the cytoplasm, resulting in two separate daughter cells.

Prophase

The first stage of mitosis during which chromosomes condense, become visible, and the nuclear envelope breaks down.

Metaphase

The second stage of mitosis during which chromosomes align along the equator (middle) of the cell.

Anaphase

The third stage of mitosis during which sister chromatids are separated and pulled to opposite poles of the cell.

Telophase

The final stage of mitosis during which nuclear envelopes reform around each set of separated chromosomes and chromosomes de-condense.

Composite Cell

A hypothetical model cell containing all representative structures and organelles found across various specialized cells.

Intracellular Fluid (ICF)

Fluid contained within cells (cytosol), composed of water, ions, proteins, and dissolved solutes.

Extracellular Fluid (ECF)

Fluid located outside cells, comprising interstitial fluid and blood plasma.

Phospholipid Bilayer

The double layer of phospholipids forming the fundamental structural framework of the plasma membrane.

Integral Proteins

Proteins embedded directly within the phospholipid bilayer of the cell membrane.

Peripheral Proteins

Proteins attached to the inner or outer surface of the plasma membrane.

Mitochondria

Cytoplasmic organelle known as the powerhouse of the cell, responsible for generating ATP via cellular respiration.

Ribosomes

Non-membrane-bound organelles that serve as the primary sites of protein synthesis.

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

An organelle studded with ribosomes that functions in synthesizing and processing proteins.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

An organelle lacking ribosomes that functions in lipid synthesis and cellular detoxification.

Golgi Apparatus

An organelle of flattened sacs that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for transport or secretion.

Lysosomes

Membrane-bound vesicles containing digestive enzymes used to break down cellular waste, foreign debris, and worn-out structures.

Tight Junctions

Intercellular junctions that fuse adjacent cell membranes together to form an impermeable seal.

Desmosomes

Intercellular junctions that act as structural spot welds to anchor adjacent cells together under mechanical stress.

Gap Junctions

Intercellular junctions consisting of tubular protein channels that permit direct transfer of ions and small molecules between adjacent cells.

Epithelial Tissue

A major tissue type covering body surfaces, lining body cavities, and forming glands; characterized by high cellularity, polarity, avascularity, and strong regenerative ability.

Simple Squamous Epithelium

A single layer of flattened, thin cells adapted for rapid diffusion; found in the alveoli of the lungs.

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

A single layer of cube-shaped cells specialized for secretion and absorption; found lining kidney tubules.

Simple Columnar Epithelium

A single layer of tall, elongated cells; found lining the inner surfaces of the stomach and intestines.

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Multiple layers of cells with flattened surface cells designed for protection against abrasion; found in skin.

Transitional Epithelium

Specialized stratified epithelium capable of stretching and changing shape; found lining the urinary bladder.

Endocrine Glands

Ductless glands that secrete chemical signals (hormones) directly into interstitial fluid and the bloodstream.

Exocrine Glands

Glands that release their secretory products through ducts onto internal or external epithelial surfaces.

Extracellular Matrix (ECM)

The non-living substance surrounding connective tissue cells, consisting of ground substance and protein fibers.

Collagen Fibers

Thick protein fibers in connective tissue matrix that provide high tensile strength.

Elastic Fibers

Flexible, stretchy protein fibers composed of elastin that allow tissue extensibility and recoil.

Reticular Fibers

Thin collagenous fibers forming branching networks that provide structural frameworks within organs.

Mucous Membranes

Membranes lining body cavities and tracts that open directly to the outside environment.

Serous Membranes

Membranes lining closed internal body cavities that lack external openings and secrete watery serous fluid.

Synovial Membranes

Membranes lining joint cavities of freely movable joints that secrete lubricating synovial fluid.

Cutaneous Membrane

The epithelial membrane commonly known as the skin, covering the external body surface.

Skeletal Muscle

Voluntary muscle tissue featuring microscopic striations, attached directly to bones.

Cardiac Muscle

Involuntary, striated muscle tissue found exclusively within the walls of the heart.

Smooth Muscle

Involuntary, non-striated muscle tissue found in the walls of hollow organs like intestines and blood vessels.

Neurons

The primary functional cells of nervous tissue, specialized to generate and transmit electrical impulses.

Glial Cells

Non-conductive cells in nervous tissue that protect, support, and nourish neurons.

Dendrites

Cellular extensions of a neuron that receive incoming electrical signals and carry them toward the cell body.

Axon

A long single process of a neuron that conducts outgoing electrical impulses away from the cell body.

Epidermal Layers Mnemonic

The phrase "Come Let's Get Sun Burned", which helps recall the strata of the epidermis from superficial to deep: Stratum Corneum, Stratum Lucidum, Stratum Granulosum, Stratum Spinosum, Stratum Basale.