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2
what is the apical-radial pulse deficit if. . .?
apical pulse = 60
radial pulse = 62
120/80
what is considered the normal blood pressure range?
apex of heart
where do you place the stethoscope to take an apical pulse?
korotkoff sounds
what are sounds heard when a blood pressure cuff is deflated, which are used to measure blood presssure?
increases
what happens to pulse and blood pressure exercises?
mean arterial pressure (MAP)
what is equal to diastolic pressure + (1/3 x pulse pressure)?
93
what is someone's MAP if . . .?
BP = 120/80 mmHg
pulse pressure = 90 mmHg
apical pulse = 65
60-100
what is the range, in bpm, of a normal heart rate?
100
tachycardia is a medical condition charactered by an abnormally fast resting heart rate, which is defined as HR exceeding ________ bpm in adults
60
bradycardia is medical condition characterized by an abnormally slow resting heart rate, which is defined as HR being below _______ bpm in adults
heart rate
holding one's breath will decrease ________, as the body prioritizes delivery to vital organs + constricts blood vessels in extremities to redirect blood flow to brain
during relaxation
in the frog heart lab, during which portion of the cardiac muscle contraction is it possible to induce an extrasystole?
new contraction could not begin until relaxation phase
in the frog heart lab, the amplitude of the ventricular systole did not change with more frequent stimulation because _____________-
ventricles must contract + relax fully with each beat to pump blood
in the frog heart lab, given the function of the heart, why is it important that cardiac muscle cells cannot reach tetanus?
extra ventricular contraction
in the frog heart lab, an extrasystole corresponds to ____________
vagus nerves, which are cranial nerves
how does parasympathetic stimulation reach the heart?
sinoatrial node
what is the usual pacemaker of the heart?
stopping heart completely
extreme vagus nerve stimulation affects heart by ______________
right atrium
where is the SA node in the human heart located?
PNS has more control over HR
research shows that, in absence of neural + hormonal influences, SA node generates action potentials at frequency of approximately 100 times per minute. however, resting heart rate is approximately 70 bpm, which suggests that
provide for autorhythmicity
electrolytes in Ringer's solution are required to ________
5 degrees C
frog heart will beat slower than baseline in _____________ ringer's solution
32 degrees C
frog heart will beat faster than baseline in __________ ringer's solution
spontaneous cardiac action potentials would not occur
in frog heart lab, without ringer's solution ________________
acetylcholine
________ is released by parasympathetic branches of nerve vagus and decreases HR
epinephrine
_______ is released by sympathetic nervous system and acts on beta-1 receptors of SA node and increase HR
inotropic
what is a substance that regulates the strength of the cardiac contraction?
atropine
_______ is an antagonist of acetylcholine
pilocarpine
_________ is an agonist of acetylcholine
digitalis
________ is a derivate of plants and increases strength of contraction
(hint: used as heart failure tx (inotropic positive) + decreases HR for AFib)
sodium and calcium
what ion(s) increase(s) HR?
potassium
what ion(s) decrease(s) HR and used in lethal injections?
norepinephrine
__________ affects HR by increasing rate of depolarization + increasing frequency of action potentials
B1 adrenergic
__________ receptor binds norepinephrine and epinephrine
sympathetic nervous system
what does atropine mimic?
sarcoplasmic reticulum
what organelle in cardiac muscle cell stores calcium?
negative chronotropic + negative inotropic
verapamil is calcium channel blocker, and its effects could be described as __________--
cytosol
when cardiac muscle cell is at rest, where is most of its potassium found?
resting
____________ cardiac muscle cells are most permeable to potassium
