APES AP TEST

china

most populated country

india

second most populated country

united states

third most populated country

indonesia

fourth most populated country

ecological footprint

measure of human impact on earth's ecosystems

70/r(growth rate)\=doubling time(years)

rule of 70

per capita GDP

Annual gross domestic prod-

uct (GDP) of a country divided by its total popu-

lation at midyear. It gives the average slice of the

economic pie per person.

infant mortality rate

the number of babies out of every 1,000 born who die before their first birthday

renewable resource

Resource that can be replenished rapidly (hours to several decades) through natural processes as long as it is not used up faster than it is replaced

nonrenewable resource

Resource that exists in a fixed amount (stock) in the earth's crust and has the potential for renewal by geological, physical, and chemical processes taking place over hundreds of millions to billions of years.

total fertility rate

number of children who would be born per woman if she were to pass through childbearing years according to current fertility rates

replacement level fertility

total fertility rate that leads to each new generation being less populous than the previous.

crude birth rate

annual number of live births per 1000 people in a population

crude death rate

annual number of deaths per 1000 people in a population

tragedy of the commons

depletion or degradation of a potentially renewable resource to which people have free or unmanaged access

crude births-crude deaths/1000\=r

percent rate of growth equation

positive feedback loop

Feedback loop that causes a system to change further in the same direction

negative feedback loop

Feedback loop that causes a system to change in the opposite direction from which is it moving

pre-industrial

which stage in demographic transition?

birth and death rates high, population low

transitional

which stage in demographic transition?

birth rate high, death rate dropping, population rising

industrial

which stage in demographic transition?

birth rate dropping, death rate low, population high

post-industrial

which stage in demographic transition?

birth and death rates low, population high

gamma, x-ray, ultraviolet, visible, infrared, microwave, radio

arrange the following types of electromagnetic radiation in order from highest to lowest energy:

ultraviolet, microwave, infrared, gamma, radio, X-ray, visible

violet, blue, green, yellow, orange, red

list the following types of visible light in order from shortest to longest wavelength:

green, orange, red, yellow, blue, violet

type I

name the survivorship:

late loss, juvenile survival high, mortality in older individuals

type II

name the survivorship:

constant loss, individuals die at equal rate regardless of age

type III

name the survivorship:

early loss, high mortality of juveniles, but lower in older individuals

type I

name the survivorship

type II

name the survivorship

type III

name the survivorship

greenhouse effect

Natural effect that releases heat in the atmosphere (troposphere) near the earth's surface. Water vapor, carbon dioxide, ozone, and other gases in the lower

atmosphere (troposphere) absorb some of the infrared radiation (heat) radiated by the earth's

surface. Their molecules vibrate and transform

the absorbed energy into longer-wavelength

infrared radiation (heat) in the troposphere

troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere

layers of the atmosphere in order from closest to surface to farthest from surface

troposphere

Innermost layer of the atmosphere. It contains about 75% of the mass of earth's air and extends about 17 kilometers (11 miles) above sea level

stratosphere

Second layer of the atmosphere, extending about 17-48 kilometers (11-30 miles) above the earth's surface. It contains small amounts of gaseous ozone (O3), which filters out about 95% of the incoming harmful ultraviolet radiation emitted by the sun

12500

humans began agriculture approximately \__________ years ago

anthropogenic

a man-made product is known as \____________

03

molecular formula for ozone

hydrochlorofluorocarbons

chemicals which contain only H, C, F, and Cl. Used as a refrigerant in place of CFC's. Have a shorter life span and deliver less reactive Cl to the stratosphere than CFC's.

rock

largest reservoir of carbon

atmosphere

largest reservoir of nitrogen

rock

largest reservoir of phosphorus

4.5 billion years

approximate age of the earth

generalist species

species with a broad ecological niche. They can live in many different places, eat a variety of foods, and tolerate a wide range of environmental conditions.

specialist species

Species with a narrow ecological niche. They may be able to live in only one type of habitat, tolerate only a narrow range of climatic and other environmental conditions, or use only one type or a few types of food.

invasive species

Species that migrate into an ecosystem or are deliberately or accidentally introduced into an ecosystem by humans

keystone species

Species that play roles affecting many other organisms in an ecosystem

indicator species

Species that serve as early warnings that a community or ecosystem is being degraded

endemic species

Species that is found in only one area. Such species are especially vulnerable to extinction.

invasive

the zebra mussel is a \_________ species

generalist keystone

specialist indicator

invasive endemic

keystone

the american alligator is a \__________ species

generalist keystone

specialist indicator

invasive endemic

generalist

the norway rat is a \___________ species

generalist keystone

specialist indicator

invasive endemic

endemic

the galapagos tortoise is a \___________ species

generalist keystone

specialist indicator

invasive endemic

indicator

the tiger salamander is a \___________ species

generalist keystone

specialist indicator

invasive endemic

specialist

the giant panda is a \___________ species

biodiversity

variety of different species, genetic variability among individuals within each species, variety of ecosystems, and functions such as energy flow and matter cycling

biome

terrestrial region inhabited by certain types of life, especially vegetation

climate and geography

what determines the type of biome an area will have?

ethiopia

controls nile river- diverts large part of it

brazil

largest area of tropical rainforest by country

bangladesh

country with the largest delta in the world

ganges delta

largest delta in the world

tropical rainforest

name the biome:

steady high temps and lots of rain, located near equator, dense canopy, chimpanzees, toucans, frogs, cheetahs

temperate deciduous forest

name the biome:

defined seasons, moderate rainfall, located midlatitudes, trees, hawks, deer, foxes, owls

taiga (boreal) forest

name the biome:

cold temps, low rainfall, located mid-high latitudes, conifers, cone-bearing trees, moose, foxes, lynx, bears

temperate grasslands (prairie)

name the biome:

defined seasons, moderate rainfall, located midlatitudes (interiors of continents), short grass, prairie dogs, wolves, rabbits