Fourteenth-Century Art in Europe ppt

Ambrogio Lorenzetti's Frescos

Located in the Sala dei Nove (Sala della Pace) in Palazzo Pubblico, Siena.

Giotto di Bondone's Murals

Rooted in observation of people, giving humanity to figures in sacred narratives.

Patron Saint of Painters

Saint Luke.

Societal Changes in Fourteenth Century

Arrived in the form of artisan guilds.

Fourteenth-Century Crises

Much of Europe was in crisis from famine, war, and the plague.

Bubonic Plague Outbreak

Swept across European mainland starting in the Mediterranean in 1347 over four years.

Petrarch's Literary Contribution

Appreciated Greek and Roman authors and updated Classical themes in The Triumphs.

Giovanni Boccaccio

Told moralizing short stories in The Decameron.

Geoffrey Chaucer

Wrote The Canterbury Tales about fictional traveling pilgrims.

Christine de Pizan

Wrote The Book of the City Ladies to defend women's abilities and rights.

Fourteenth-Century Italy Patronage

Great wealth promoted art patronage and emergence of artists as individuals.

Florentine Civic Layout

Based on ancient Roman city with an axial rectangular plan and open city squares.

Florentine Cathedral Complex

Principal among Florentine buildings, featuring a cathedral with three sets of bronze doors.

Andrea Pisano's Commission

Awarded commission for gilded bronze doors for the Baptistery of San Giovanni (1330-1336).

Pisano's Baptistery Doors Scenes

Display 20 scenes from the Life of St. John the Baptist.

The Baptism of the Multitude

Detail of Pisano's south doors presenting gilded figures as independent molded forms.

Florentine and Sienese Schools

Both grew out of local thirteenth-century painting traditions.

Maniera Greca

"Greek style" Byzantine influence providing models for pathos, iconography, and stylized features.

Cimabue (Cenni di Pepi)

Painter likely responsible for the monumental Virgin and Child Enthroned (c. 1280).

Virgin and Child Enthroned by Cimabue

Over 12 feet high; divine drapery highlights lined with gold in Byzantine tradition.

Cimabue's Lifelike Technique

Subtle asymmetries make the painting lifelike and give figures presence.

Giotto di Bondone as Student

Student of Cimabue who became an excellent imitator of nature.

Giotto's Virgin and Child Enthroned

Portrays Mary as stocky and formal, with figures popping out against a flat gold background.

Buon Fresco Technique

Water-based paint applied on wet plaster, bonding permanently to the wall surface.

Giornata

A section of a fresco painting that could be completed in a single day.

Sinopia

Reddish-brown underdrawings used in fresco preparation.

Giotto's Scrovegni Chapel Frescos

Feature educated medieval associations, such as juxtaposing Lazarus's resurrection with Jesus's Resurrection.

Scrovegni (Arena) Chapel Architecture

A barrel-vaulted room in Padua with broad walls showcasing frescos (1305-1306).

Scrovegni Chapel Entrance Wall

Portrays the Last Judgment.

Scrovegni Chapel North Wall Scenes

Portray Jesus's first miracle, Raising of Lazarus, lamentation, and Resurrection.

Kiss of Judas in Scrovegni Chapel

Portrays a tension-filled scene where Jesus stands with calm resolve while Peter lunge-attacks.

Sienese Painting Characteristics

Emphasized the decorative potential of narrative painting, rooted in Byzantine and French Gothic forms.

Duccio di Buoninsegna

Synthesized Late Byzantine style with linear French Gothic forms.

Maestà Altarpiece

Painted on both sides by Duccio for Siena Cathedral (1308-1311); dismantled in 1771.

Duccio's Raising of Lazarus

Features lyrical figures with urgent, expressive gestures and experimental rock portrayals.

Betrayal of Jesus by Duccio

More expansive in complexity, including two subsequent story moments from the Maestà back.

Cennino Cennini's Il Libro dell' Arte

Outlines a highly formulaic panel-painting process using fine-grained wood and gesso.

Gesso Layers in Panel Painting

Cennini specified at least nine layers of gesso.

Medieval Italian Paint Medium

Italian painters of this time primarily used tempera paint.

Simone Martini's Annunciation

Painted in 1333 for Siena Cathedral, showing Mary recoiling from Gabriel in fear.

Millard Meiss's Black Death Theory

Art historian theory that artists retreated from rounded forms to old-fashioned styles after the plague.

Strozzi Altarpiece

Painted by Andrea di Cione (Orcagna) in 1354-1357 under Tommaso Strozzi patronage.

Palazzo Pubblico in Siena

The most important civic structure in Siena, featuring a tower built in the 1320s-1340s.

Lorenzetti's Palazzo Pubblico Frescos

Commissioned for the council room on the theme of contrast between good and bad government.

The Effects of Good Government in City and Country

Ambrogio Lorenzetti's idealized but recognizable fresco portrait of Siena (1338-1339).

Porta Romana

Divides the city of Siena from the surrounding countryside in Lorenzetti's fresco.

Fourteenth-Century Paris Court

The royal court in Paris was the arbiter of taste in western Europe at the start of the century.

Factors Challenging French Nobility

Townsmen taking advantage of new economic opportunities during the Hundred Years' War.

Parisian Manuscript Painters

Created illustrations for books of personal devotions like Books of Hours.

Book of Hours

Contained special prayers to be recited at eight canonical devotional hours.

Book of Hours of Jeanne d'Évreaux

Illuminated by Jean Pucelle in grisaille and color on vellum (c. 1324-1328).

Small-Scale Metalwork and Ivory

Sculpted works became smaller in the 14th century, calling for greater scrutiny.

Virgin and Child from Saint-Denis

1339 silver gilt and enamel statue showing Mary in a Gothic S-curve pose with 14 miniature scenes.

Small Ivory Chest with Scenes of Romance

Parisian luxury object (c. 1330-1350) containing secular romance themes given from man to woman.

Walters Casket Theme

Jousting, Attack on the Castle of Love, and Tristan and Iseult at the fountain.

English 14th-Century Social Commentary

Documented by Geoffrey Chaucer in his Canterbury Tales.

English Art Patronage

Edward I and many nobles and bishops were generous patrons of the arts.

Opus Anglicanum

Renowned English pictorial needlework and embroidery.

Chichester-Constable Chasuble

Heavy liturgical vestment embroidered with gold featuring scenes of the Life of the Virgin (c. 1330-1350).

Decorated Style of English Architecture

Developed out of Henry III's desire to surpass his brother-in-law in art patronage.

Exeter Cathedral

One of the most complete Decorated-style Gothic buildings, supervised by Thomas of Witney.

Exeter Cathedral Bishop's Throne

57-foot-high painted and gilded wooden throne symbolizing Church power and authority.

Perpendicular Style at Exeter

Developed by Robert Lesyngham via rectilinear patterns and angular shapes in the great east window.

Holy Roman Empire in 14th Century

Existed more as an idealized fiction than fact, uniting multiple divided German states.

Holy Roman Emperors

Elected by Germans and continued to be lavish patrons of the arts.

Mysticism and Religious Suffering

Inspired in Germany by fourteenth-century famines, wars, and plagues.

Vesperbild (Pietà)

German devotional images of Mary mourning her dead, emaciated son (e.g., Middle Rhine region, c. 1330).

The Hedwig Codex

1353 manuscript featuring St. Hedwig of Silesia, who devoted her life to the poor.

Prague under Charles IV

Replaced Constantinople as the "New Rome."

St. Vitus Cathedral in Prague

Archbishopric established in 1344 by Pope Clement VI, initiating Gothic cathedral construction.

Heinrich Parler

Designed and began building the church of the Holy Cross in Schwäbisch Gmünd in 1317.

Peter Parler

Designed the choir of the Church of the Holy Cross after 1351 and turned St. Vitus Cathedral into a "glass house."

Parler Family Architectural Evolution

Demonstrated increasing complexity of rib patterns covering vaults.

Giotto vs. Duccio Lazarus Portrayals

Different treatments of space, emotion, and narrative in 14th-century biblical scenes.

Scrovegni Chapel Patron Motives

Commissioned by Enrico Scrovegni for salvation and family redemption through art.

Cennini's Panel Painting Wood Requirements

Must be fine-grained and seasoned by slow-drying.

Fifteenth-Century Additions to Pisano Doors

Bronze vine scrolls filled with flowers, fruits, and birds added by Ghiberti workshop.

Dimensions of Cimabue's Virgin and Child Enthroned

Monumental size at over 12 feet high (3.53 × 2.2 m).

Dimensions of Giotto's Virgin and Child Enthroned

Measures 10'8" × 6'8-1/4" (3.53 × 2.05 m).

Location of Simone Martini's Annunciation

Created for the Cathedral of Siena in 1333.

Medium of Martini and Memmi's Annunciation

Tempera and gold on wood panel.

Material of Walters Art Museum Ivory Chest

Elephant ivory with modern iron mounts.

Dimensions of Saint-Denis Virgin and Child Statue

Height of 27-1/8 inches (69 cm).

Length of Ambrogio Lorenzetti's Sala dei Nove Frescos

Approximately 46 feet (14 m) long wall.

Date of the Campos and Palazzo Pubblico Tower in Siena

Tower built in the 1320s-1340s; piazza/Palazzo from 1297-c. 1315.

Location of Strozzi Altarpiece

Strozzi Chapel, Santa Maria Novella, Florence.

Material of Chichester-Constable Chasuble

Red velvet with silk, metallic thread, and seed pearls.

Height of Exeter Cathedral Bishop's Throne

57 feet high.

Date of Church of the Holy Cross Choir by Peter Parler

Begun in 1351.

Material of Middle Rhine Vesperbild (Pietà)

Wood and polychromy, height 34-1/2 inches (88.4 cm).

Date of Hedwig Codex Dedication Page

1353.

Material of Hedwig Codex Dedication Page

Ink and paint on parchment, 13-7/16 × 9-3/4 inches.

Function of Secular Ivory Chests

Given as romantic gifts from a man to a woman containing romance themes.

Luke's Role in Art History Tradition

Considered the patron saint of painters during the medieval and fourteenth-century guilds.

Learning Objective 19.3

Identify the characteristic features of small-scale works of art produced in Parisian workshops during the fourteenth century.

The Triumphs

Literary work by Petrarch updating Classical themes.

The Decameron

Collection of moralizing short stories written by Giovanni Boccaccio.

The Book of the City Ladies

Work by Christine de Pizan defending women's abilities and rights.

Baptistery of San Giovanni South Doors Material

Gilded bronze created by Andrea Pisano.

Buon Fresco Technique

Technique where water-based paint is applied on wet plaster, bonding to the wall.