Anatomy and Physiology Honors

Unit 1 Test

Connective Tissue

-The majority is bone (osseous) tissue

-Cartilage and dense connective tissue cover the bone’s external surface

Nervous Tissue

In its nerves

Epithelial Tissue

-In its blood vessels

-Provides nourishment

Muscle Tissue

-Skeletal muscle tissue

How many bones are in the human body?

206

6 functions of the Skeletal System

-support

-protection

-movement

-Storage

-Blood cell formation

-Hormone production

Support in the skeletal system

Framework holding up the entire body

Protection in the skeletal system

-Guards the body’s most vital organs

ex:skull protecting the brain

Movement of the Skeletal System

Skeletal muscles are connected to bones through tendons and use bones to produce movements

Storage in the skeletal system

-Stores minerals like calcium and phosphate

-Gets released into the blood

-Stores energy through fat in yellow bone marrow

Blood cell formation in the skeletal system

-Hematopoiesis

-In red bone marrow of certain bones

Hormone Production in the skeletal system

-Critical for maintaining homeostasis

Ex: Regulating blood calcium levels

How are bones classified?

-Location in the axial vs appendicular skeletons

-Shape

4 main bone types

-Long bones

-Short bones

-Flat bones

-Irregular bones

Long Bones

-Longer than they are wide

-Longer shaft with a wider end

-Mostly located in the limbs

-Acts as a lever for mobility

Examples of Long Bones

-Arm bones

-Hand bones

-Leg bones

-Foot bones

Short bones

-More cube shaped

-Tend to be equally wide and long

-Provide support and stability

Special type of short bones

-Sesamoid bones

-Means to be shaped like a sesame seed

- Are embedded within tendons

-Kneecap

Examples of short bones

-wrists

-ankles

Flat bones

-Thin and flat bones

-Has a large surface area for attaching to muscles

Examples of Flat bones

-Breastbone (sternum)

-Shoulder blades (scapula)

-Ribs

-Cranial bones

Irregular bones

-Everything else

-Have highly specialized shape and structure

Examples of irregular bones

-Hip bones

-vertebrae

Bone Structure

Dense and smooth layer on the outside surrounding the more porous spongy bone tissue on the inside

Structure of Compact bone

-Made of osteons (circular parts in bone that provide strength and structure)

Lamella

-Group of hallow tubes in the bone

-Filled with salts and collagen fibers

What do salts and collagen fibers help with in lamella?

-Resistance t

Haversian Canal

-Runs through the middle of each osteon

-Contains small blood vessels for nourishment

-Nerve fibers for signaling

Spongy bone

-Less organized than compact bome

-No osteons

-Have trabecula

What is a trabecula?

-Tiny bone struts

-Helps bone resist stress

-Where bone marrow is

3 bone structure markings

-Projections

-Surfaces

-Depressions and Openings

Projections

Where muscles and ligaments attach

Surfaces

Form on joints

Depressions and Openings

Where blood vessels and nerves run through

Osteocytes

-Maintain healthy bone structure

-in lacunae

-Leaders in the construction site

Lacunae

Gapes between the lamellae

Osteoblasts

Build and construct bones by calcifying bone as it forms

-not breaking down, but building up

Osteoclasts

-Critical in the regeneration of bones through remodeling

Ossification

The process of bone tissue reformation

Importance of Osstification

-Forms skeleton

-essential for bone growth

-Used for bone remodeling and repair

Types of ossification

-Intramembraneous ossification

-Endochondral ossification

Intramembraneous ossification

-Bone develops from fibrous membrane

-clavicle and skull bones

Endochondral ossification

-Bone develops by replacing cartilage

-All other bones

Bone remodeling

-Osteocyctes

-osteoclasts

-macrophages

-osteoblasts

osteocytes

Release chemical signals to tell osetoclasts to go to the damage

Osteoclasts

Release enzymes at the damaged area and digest calcium phosphate

Resorption

Put calcium and phosphate back into the blood

Microphages

Promote bone tissue remodeling

Osteoblasts

Come in and build new bone before they go through aptosis

Epiphysis

The end of long bone on any part of the bone

-proximal and distal

Diaphysis

The shaft of the strong central bone

Articular Cartilage

Evidence of adult bone cartilaginous past

-smooth, slippery, malleable, and bloodless

Periosteum

-Fibrous cellular, vascular, and highly sensitive. On the outer portion of the bone

-Source for osteoprogenitor

Spongy Bone

-Consists of interwoven beams

-filled with red or yellow marrow and blood vessels

Compact bone

-Dense bone characterized by long cylinders

Medullary Cavity

-Cavity of the diaphysis

-contains marrow that turns yellow as bone gets older

-hallow portion

Red marrow

-Gelatinous substance composed of red and white blood cells

Yellow Marrow

-Fatty connective tissue

-no production of blood cells

Nutrient artery

Major supplier of oxygen and nutrients

Axial Skeleton

-Principle of supportive structure of the body

Appendicular skeleton

Make possible a considerable degree of freedom for the upper and lower limbs

What is cartilage

a flexible connective tissue found in the articular ends of bones.

what is the sacrum

a solid base of the vertebral column that connects to the ilium.

What is the coccyx

is the last four fused vertebrae in the spinal column.

Tendon

a connective tissue that connects muscles to bones.

What is a ligament?

connective tissue that connects bones to bones.