SA Nursing 2- Derm Disorders

alopecia

absence of hair

hyperpigmentation

excessive coloration of the skin caused by increased deposition of melanin

erythema

redness of the skin; related to vasodilation or free hemorrhage

pruritus

itchy

papule

small solid elevation of the skin

plaque

solid elevation of the skin that is >1cm in diameter and flat topped

pustule

small circumscribed elevation of skin filled with pus that is

abscess

circumscribed elevation of the skin filled with pus that is >1cm in diameter

epidermal collarette

pustule rupture that leaves a rim of dead keratin

nodule

small, circumscribed solid elevation extending into deeper layers of the skin

tumor

if a nodule turns out to have neoplastic cells it is now called what

seborrhea

conditions characterized by increased epidermal turnover and changes in the quantity or quality of sebum

seborrhea oleosa is ___

greasy

seborrhea sicca is ___

dry

lichenification

thickening of the skin characterized by exaggeration of superficial markings; characteristic of chronic dermatitis

hyperkeratosis

increases in the thickness of the horny layer of the skin

what is the name of the horny layer of the skin

stratum corneum

colonization

increased numbers of bacteria or yeast on the surface of the skin

crust

dried exudate on the skin consisting of serum, pus, blood, scales, meds, hair

dermatophyte

fungus that invades keratinized tissues (hair, nails, hooves, etc)

epidermal turnover time

the length of time for epidermal cells to move from the basal cell layer to the stratum corneum and slough off

what is the normal epidermal turnover time

21 days

ulcer

break in the continuity of the epidermis with exposure of the underlying dermis

erosion

if a break in the continuity of epidermis is not through the epidermis it is known as this

scar

area of fibrous tissue that has replaced damaged dermis or subcutaneous tissue

scale

accumulation of loose fragments of the horny layer of the skin (dandruff)

keratolytic

agent that helps remove excessive stratum corneum

keratoplastic

agent that helps normalize epidermal turnover

excoriation

abrasion of a portion of the skin caused by scratching

pyoderma

bacterial infection involving the skin that is classified as primary or secondary; classified according to depth of infection

pyodermas should always be considered a ____ clinical manifestation of an underlying problem

secondary

infection that doesn't penetrate the stratum corneum (top layer of epidermis); bacterial involvement is secondary

surface pyoderma

what is the common name for acute moist dermatitis

hot spot

acute moist dermatitis

rapid onset of a painful and erythematous lesion that can be swollen, alopecic, and exudative; treatment is to clip and clean area making sure to dry it as well as treat with anti-inflammatories and maybe antibiotics

skin fold pyoderma

produced by friction and minor trauma; moisture and glandular secretions provide a prime environment; occur in any breed type with anatomical defects (brachycephalics, shar pei)

superficial pyoderma

infection of the skin involving the hair follicles and the adjacent epidermi

____ ____ and impetigo are common terms for superficial pustular dermatitis

puppy pyoderma

superficial pustular dermatitis

characterized by small, nonfollicular pustules and papules, and crusts limited to inguinal and axillary skin; not painful or pruritic

common name for dermatopylosis

lumpy wool

dermatophylosis

bacteria on skin and fleece becomes an active infection when the animal is exposed to excessive moisture

folliculitis

infection of the hair follicles caused by yeast or bacteria colonizing the follicle the can present in any age, breed, or sex of dog; clinical signs are papules and pustules, hair loss creating moth eaten appearance, epidermal collarette, bulls eye lesion

after diagnosing folliculitis the patient needs to be on antibiotics for ____ past resolution of clinical signs as well using topical therapy

1 week

bacterial infection that breaks through hair follicles to produce furunculosis and cellulitis; common in dogs but rare in cats; lesions are often pruritic or painful and have draining tracts

deep pyoderma

another name for furunculosis

boil

when treating a deep pyoderma systemic antibiotics need to be adminisered for ____ past resolution of clinicals signs as well as using topical therpay

2 weeks

when treating this deep pyoderma try to reduce weight, padded environment; poor prognosis

pressure point

when treating this deep pyoderma use foot soaks, confine to minimize trauma; surgery may be required

interdigital

for this type of deep pyoderma clip the dog and bathe frequently (whirlpools +/- bleach solution)

generalized

methicillin resistant staphylococcus

gram positive bacteria that have developed resistance to the antibiotic methicillin and other beta-lactam antibiotics including penicillins, cephalosporins, and carbapenems; confirmed by culture and sensitivity

allergies

altered state of immune reactivity; hypersensitivity; indicated by chewing/scratching/licking at skin, rubbing against surfaces, shaking head, areas of hair loss

atopic dermatitis

genetically predisposed inflammatory and pruritic allergic skin disease with characteristic clinical features associated with IgE antibodies most commonly directed against environmental allergens; involves the face, ears, feet under the arms and back legs

atopic dermatitis can have ____ signs that are not common in dogs like sneezing, runny nose, and eyes

respiratory

what is considered the gold standard therapy for atopic dermatitis; process of gradually increasing the amount of a substance given to an individual that is allergic

immunotherapy

feline atopy

generalized pruritus of the head and neck in cats that start seasonally and progress; can show respiratory signs such as sneezing and conjunctivitis as well as clinical signs like symmetrical alopecia, eosinophilic ulcers, miliary dermatitis, and eosinophilic plaques

food allergies

allergic reaction to an ingredient in a dog's diet (protein) om which you can see GI signs, intense pruritus

to test for a food allergy a ___ ___ needs to be conducted for 8-10 weeks and if a positive response is seen the pet is challenged with their original diet

food trial

this class of drug is not as helpful in dealing with allergies in animals as it is in people; needs to be given on a regular basis and can cause drowsiness

antihistamine

drug that block the release of inflammatory molecules; expensive; side effects are GI signs and gingival hyperplasia; cyclosporin

atopica

a janus kinase inhibitor drug that blocks a protein that is integral to the signaling pathway resulting in pruritus and inflammation; labeled for dogs only currently; one cost for all sizes; GI signs side effect; not recommended for cancer patients

apoquel

a caninized monoclonal antibody that targets the cytokine interleukin 31 that blocks the itch signal to the brain; for dogs only; expensive and must be given in the clinic; per zoetis is safe for all dogs

cytopoint

one cytopoint injection is said to last 4-8 weeks but most need redosed by ___ weeks

4

allergic contact dermatitis

type IV hypersensitivity that usually requires long term exposure; substances implicated to cause it are plant pollens, resins like ragweed and poison ivy, wool, carpet dyes, wood finishes/polishes

irritant dermatitis

more common than allergic contact dermatitis; substance that physically damages the skin and may occur after single contact

otitis externa

acute or chronic inflammatory disease of the external ear canal

dermatophytosis

contagious and zoonotic spread by direct contact and fomites; infections of the hair shaft and follicle; three species of fungi that cause majority of infections; clinical signs are pruritus, alopecia, broken off hair, erythema, papules, crusts, seborrhea

deomodicosis

demodex mites are transmitted from the dam to pups early in in life; excessive proliferation of mites leads to clinical disease

sarcoptes scabiei

superficial burrowing skin mite that secretes allergenic substances that elicit an intensely pruritic hypersensitivity reaction; zoonotic

notoedres cati

superficial sarcoptic mite known as feline scabies; rare; extremely pruritic, dry, crusted lesions; peripheral lymphadenomegaly; highly contagious

fleas

small, wingless, blood sucking parasite that thrives in warm temperatures; most common species in ctenocephalides felis

flea allergy dermatitis

common in dogs and cats that are sensitized to flea bites; pruritic lesions that can lead to alopecia, erythema, pyoderma, hyperpigmentation, and/or lichenification

Common name for Cheyletiella

walking dandruff

cheyletiella

live on and fur; visit skin only to feed; all stages are parasitic; uncommon but highly contagious; excessive scaling over dorsal midline, minimal pruritus, papular crusting eruptions

pemphigus foliaceus

production of autoantibodies that target proteins binding the cells of the epidermis; most common autoimmune disease in dogs and cats; primary lesions are superficial pustules that rupture easily; occur on bridge of nose, around eyes, and on ear pinnae

what is the hallmark finding on cytology of pemphigus foliaceus along with nondegerated neutrophils and eosinophils

acanthocytes

pemphigus erythematosus

benign form of pemphigus foliaceus or crossover between pemphigus and lupus; uncommon in cats but commonly occurs in dogs (german shepherds, collies, shelties); occurs on bridge of nose, around eyes, and pinnae

animals with pemphigus erythematosus and/pr discoid lupus erythematosis need to avoid too much of what

sunlight

discoid lupus erythematosis

benign variation of lupus erythematosus; common in dogs but rare in cats; nasal depigmentation, erythema, scaling, erosions, ulcerations, crusting; lips, bridge of nose, around eyes, pinnae, distal limbs, genitalia

lupoid onychodystrophy

lupus like disease causing loss of nails; highest incidence in young adult and middle aged dogs; acute onset initially affecting only a few claws; painful; partial regrowth occurs and nails are misshapen, soft or brittle, discolored, friable

patients with lupoid onychodystrophy may need to undergo a therapeutic ___ procedure if they are severely painful

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