AP World History - Ultimate Guide (copy)

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72 Terms

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Growth of long-distance trade

Emerged from the collapse of classical civilizations and interactions between new states, facilitating cultural exchanges and economic development.

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Religious Mysticism

Focuses on mystical experiences within religions, such as through prayer and meditation, to deepen spiritual connections and understanding.

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Theravada Buddhism

Branch of Buddhism emphasizing meditation, simplicity, and renunciation of consciousness and self, prevalent in Southeast Asia.

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Mahayana Buddhism

Branch of Buddhism with a focus on rituals and spiritual comfort, leading to a wider spread and complexity, particularly in China and Japan.

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Christianity

Based on the teachings of Jesus of Nazareth, emphasizing forgiveness, love for others, and salvation through faith in Jesus as the Son of God.

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Confucianism

Founded by Confucius, focusing on restoring social and political order through fundamental relationships and contributing to the development of Chinese culture.

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Hinduism

Belief system in India centered around Brahma as the supreme force, with the goal of merging with Brahma through following dharma and achieving moksha.

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Islam

Emerged in the 7th century, based on the teachings of Prophet Muhammad and the Qur’an, emphasizing submission to God and the Five Pillars of Islam.

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Feudalism

Social hierarchy system in medieval Europe, with kings, nobles, vassals, and serfs, structured around land ownership and loyalty.

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Hanseatic League

Trade alliance in northern Europe established in 1358 to promote trade, social mobility, and nationhood, showcasing the importance of economic networks in the Middle Ages.

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Mongol Conquest Impact

Diffusion of Culture, Prevention of Russian Cultural Development, Global Trade Growth

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Mali and Songhai

Gold Trade, Mansa Musa, Sonni Ali

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Song Dynasty

Merit-based Bureaucracy, Civil Service Examinations, Industrial Society

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Trade Networks and Cultural Diffusion

Hanseatic League, Silk Road, Mongol Land Routes, Indian Ocean Trade

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Bubonic Plague

Origin, Spread, Impact on Population

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European Revolutions

Renaissance, Humanism, Protestant Reformation

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Scientific Revolution

Copernican Revolution, Galileo, Scientific Method

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European Rivals

Spain and Portugal, England, France, German Areas

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Russian History

Ivan the Terrible, Time of Troubles, Peter the Great

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Islamic Gunpowder Empires

Ottoman Empire, Devshirme, Mughal Empire

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African Kingdoms

Songhai, Asanti Empire, Kongo, Angola

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Ming and Qing Dynasties

Zheng He, Economic Challenges, Qing Rule in China

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Qianlong

Ruled China from 1735 to 1796, expanded territories to Vietnam, Burma, Nepal, and was a Confucian scholar.

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Tokugawa Ieyasu

Established the Tokugawa Shogunate in Japan from 1600 to 1868, enforced a rigid social class system, and moved the capital to Edo (Tokyo).

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National Seclusion Policy

Implemented in Japan in 1635, restricted Japanese travel abroad and interactions with foreigners.

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Maratha

Indian resistance movement against the Mughal Empire from 1680 to 1707, leading to the establishment of the Maratha Empire.

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Encomienda System

Spanish colonial system in the New World, exploiting Native Americans and African slaves for forced labor.

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African Slave Trade

Europeans exploited existing African slavery systems, leading to the brutal Middle Passage and the transportation of around 13 million enslaved Africans.

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Columbian Exchange

Transatlantic transfer of animals, plants, diseases, and technology between Europe, Americas, and Africa, impacting populations and economies.

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Enlightenment

Intellectual movement in the 17th and 18th centuries challenging divine right and advocating for natural rights, influencing revolutions in the Americas and Europe.

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American Revolution

Colonies' revolt against British rule, leading to the Declaration of Independence and the establishment of American democracy.

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French Revolution

Overthrow of the French monarchy, establishment of a republic, Reign of Terror, and rise of Napoleon Bonaparte, impacting Europe and the Americas.

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Domestic System

Most work done on farms, at home, or small shops before industrial advancements.

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Flying Shuttle

Invention that sped up the weaving process.

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Spinning Jenny

Device for spinning vast amounts of thread quickly.

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Cotton Gin

Invented by Eli Whitney, processed large amounts of cotton rapidly.

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Steam Engine

Developed by Thomas Newcomen and James Watt.

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Telegraph

Revolutionized communication over great distances in seconds.

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Assembly Line

Each worker handles one small part in production, leading to rapid creation of products.

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Laissez-faire Capitalism

Concept by Adam Smith advocating for a free market system with minimal government intervention.

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Marxism

Ideology from Karl Marx's Communist Manifesto advocating for working class control of production and resources.

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Labour Unions

Organizations for employees to negotiate better working conditions.

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Sepoy Mutiny

Rebellion of Indian soldiers against British disrespect in 1857.

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Treaty of Nanjing

Unequal treaty forcing China to expand trade with Britain after the Opium Wars.

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Berlin Conference

Meeting in 1884 to discuss European land claims in Africa, encouraging colonialism.

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Monroe Doctrine

US policy declaring the Western Hemisphere off-limits to European colonization in 1823.

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Triple Alliance

Alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy to protect against France.

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Provisional Government

Established by Alexander Kerensky, it was ineffective due to disagreements with the local councils, the soviets, representing workers, peasants, and soldiers.

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Bolsheviks

The socialist party led by Marxist leader Vladimir Lenin, who took power in the government within six months and established the Soviet Union.

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April Theses

Issued by Lenin, demanded peace, land for peasants, and power to the soviets, shaping the early Soviet policies.

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Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

Armistice with Germany in 1918, ceding part of western Russia to Germany, leading to their exit from WWI.

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Red Army

Created by the Bolsheviks under Leon Trotsky to defeat counterrevolutions in the Russian empire.

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Mustafa Kemal (Ataturk)

Led a successful military against Greece, overthrew the Ottoman Empire, and became the first president of Turkey.

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New Economic Policy (NEP)

Introduced by Lenin in the 1920s, allowed farmers to sell portions of grain for profit, later discarded by Stalin.

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Five-Year Plans

Stalin's strategy of collectivization, taking over private farms for state-owned enterprises, leading to industrialization and totalitarianism in the USSR.

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Fascism

Ideology aiming to destroy individual will in favor of the people, promoting extreme nationalism and racial identity.

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Berlin Wall

Constructed by the Soviets in Berlin to divide East and West Germany, symbolizing the Iron Curtain during the Cold War.

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Mikhail Gorbachev

Came to power in 1986, urged restructuring of Soviet economy, implemented elements of private ownership, and signed nuclear arms treaties with the US

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Dissolution of Soviet Union

Occurred in 1991 after Poland and other former Soviet nations separated, leading to the disintegration of the USSR

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Balkan Ethnic Cleansing

Occurred with Muslims being murdered by Christian Serbians, leading to UN troop involvement

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Boris Yeltsin

First president of Russia after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, faced challenges in reforming the country

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Vladimir Putin

Former KGB agent who succeeded Yeltsin as the head of Russia, serving as both President and Prime Minister, causing unrest in relations with other nations

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Indian National Congress

Established in 1885 to increase rights of Indians under colonial rule, mostly Hindu in composition

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Amritsar Massacre

Occurred in 1919 when 319 Indians were killed by the British during a peaceful protest, fueling resistance

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Mohandas Gandhi

Prominent figure in Indian resistance, advocated passive resistance through demonstrations and boycotts

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Partition of India

Led to the creation of Pakistan as a separate Muslim nation due to disagreements between Hindu and Muslim groups

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African National Congress

Formed in 1912 to oppose European colonialism in South Africa, led by Nelson Mandela to abolish apartheid

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Apartheid

Established in South Africa in 1948, enforced racial separation and discrimination against Black people

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Israeli-Palestinian Conflict

Resulted in the creation of modern Israel in 1948, leading to ongoing conflicts and violence in the region

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Iranian Revolution

Occurred in 1979, leading to the establishment of a theocracy under Ayatollah Khomeini and a shift towards Islamic fundamentalism

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OPEC

Formed by oil-exporting nations in the Middle East to control oil prices and production, leading to economic modernization

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Persian Gulf War

Fought in 1990-1991 after Iraq invaded Kuwait, resulting in UN forces liberating Kuwait and imposing limitations on Iraq