AP World History - Ultimate Guide (copy)

Growth of long-distance trade

Growth of long-distance trade

Emerged from the collapse of classical civilizations and interactions between new states, facilitating cultural exchanges and economic development.

Religious Mysticism

Focuses on mystical experiences within religions, such as through prayer and meditation, to deepen spiritual connections and understanding.

Theravada Buddhism

Branch of Buddhism emphasizing meditation, simplicity, and renunciation of consciousness and self, prevalent in Southeast Asia.

Mahayana Buddhism

Branch of Buddhism with a focus on rituals and spiritual comfort, leading to a wider spread and complexity, particularly in China and Japan.

Christianity

Based on the teachings of Jesus of Nazareth, emphasizing forgiveness, love for others, and salvation through faith in Jesus as the Son of God.

Confucianism

Founded by Confucius, focusing on restoring social and political order through fundamental relationships and contributing to the development of Chinese culture.

Hinduism

Belief system in India centered around Brahma as the supreme force, with the goal of merging with Brahma through following dharma and achieving moksha.

Islam

Emerged in the 7th century, based on the teachings of Prophet Muhammad and the Qur’an, emphasizing submission to God and the Five Pillars of Islam.

Feudalism

Social hierarchy system in medieval Europe, with kings, nobles, vassals, and serfs, structured around land ownership and loyalty.

Hanseatic League

Trade alliance in northern Europe established in 1358 to promote trade, social mobility, and nationhood, showcasing the importance of economic networks in the Middle Ages.

Mongol Conquest Impact

Diffusion of Culture, Prevention of Russian Cultural Development, Global Trade Growth

Mali and Songhai

Gold Trade, Mansa Musa, Sonni Ali

Song Dynasty

Merit-based Bureaucracy, Civil Service Examinations, Industrial Society

Trade Networks and Cultural Diffusion

Hanseatic League, Silk Road, Mongol Land Routes, Indian Ocean Trade

Bubonic Plague

Origin, Spread, Impact on Population

European Revolutions

Renaissance, Humanism, Protestant Reformation

Scientific Revolution

Copernican Revolution, Galileo, Scientific Method

European Rivals

Spain and Portugal, England, France, German Areas

Russian History

Ivan the Terrible, Time of Troubles, Peter the Great

Islamic Gunpowder Empires

Ottoman Empire, Devshirme, Mughal Empire

African Kingdoms

Songhai, Asanti Empire, Kongo, Angola

Ming and Qing Dynasties

Zheng He, Economic Challenges, Qing Rule in China

Qianlong

Ruled China from 1735 to 1796, expanded territories to Vietnam, Burma, Nepal, and was a Confucian scholar.

Tokugawa Ieyasu

Established the Tokugawa Shogunate in Japan from 1600 to 1868, enforced a rigid social class system, and moved the capital to Edo (Tokyo).

National Seclusion Policy

Implemented in Japan in 1635, restricted Japanese travel abroad and interactions with foreigners.

Maratha

Indian resistance movement against the Mughal Empire from 1680 to 1707, leading to the establishment of the Maratha Empire.

Encomienda System

Spanish colonial system in the New World, exploiting Native Americans and African slaves for forced labor.

African Slave Trade

Europeans exploited existing African slavery systems, leading to the brutal Middle Passage and the transportation of around 13 million enslaved Africans.

Columbian Exchange

Transatlantic transfer of animals, plants, diseases, and technology between Europe, Americas, and Africa, impacting populations and economies.

Enlightenment

Intellectual movement in the 17th and 18th centuries challenging divine right and advocating for natural rights, influencing revolutions in the Americas and Europe.

American Revolution

Colonies' revolt against British rule, leading to the Declaration of Independence and the establishment of American democracy.

French Revolution

Overthrow of the French monarchy, establishment of a republic, Reign of Terror, and rise of Napoleon Bonaparte, impacting Europe and the Americas.

Domestic System

Most work done on farms, at home, or small shops before industrial advancements.

Flying Shuttle

Invention that sped up the weaving process.

Spinning Jenny

Device for spinning vast amounts of thread quickly.

Cotton Gin

Invented by Eli Whitney, processed large amounts of cotton rapidly.

Steam Engine

Developed by Thomas Newcomen and James Watt.

Telegraph

Revolutionized communication over great distances in seconds.

Assembly Line

Each worker handles one small part in production, leading to rapid creation of products.

Laissez-faire Capitalism

Concept by Adam Smith advocating for a free market system with minimal government intervention.

Marxism

Ideology from Karl Marx's Communist Manifesto advocating for working class control of production and resources.

Labour Unions

Organizations for employees to negotiate better working conditions.

Sepoy Mutiny

Rebellion of Indian soldiers against British disrespect in 1857.

Treaty of Nanjing

Unequal treaty forcing China to expand trade with Britain after the Opium Wars.

Berlin Conference

Meeting in 1884 to discuss European land claims in Africa, encouraging colonialism.

Monroe Doctrine

US policy declaring the Western Hemisphere off-limits to European colonization in 1823.

Triple Alliance

Alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy to protect against France.

Provisional Government

Established by Alexander Kerensky, it was ineffective due to disagreements with the local councils, the soviets, representing workers, peasants, and soldiers.

Bolsheviks

The socialist party led by Marxist leader Vladimir Lenin, who took power in the government within six months and established the Soviet Union.

April Theses

Issued by Lenin, demanded peace, land for peasants, and power to the soviets, shaping the early Soviet policies.

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

Armistice with Germany in 1918, ceding part of western Russia to Germany, leading to their exit from WWI.

Red Army

Created by the Bolsheviks under Leon Trotsky to defeat counterrevolutions in the Russian empire.

Mustafa Kemal (Ataturk)

Led a successful military against Greece, overthrew the Ottoman Empire, and became the first president of Turkey.

New Economic Policy (NEP)

Introduced by Lenin in the 1920s, allowed farmers to sell portions of grain for profit, later discarded by Stalin.

Five-Year Plans

Stalin's strategy of collectivization, taking over private farms for state-owned enterprises, leading to industrialization and totalitarianism in the USSR.

Fascism

Ideology aiming to destroy individual will in favor of the people, promoting extreme nationalism and racial identity.

Berlin Wall

Constructed by the Soviets in Berlin to divide East and West Germany, symbolizing the Iron Curtain during the Cold War.

Mikhail Gorbachev

Came to power in 1986, urged restructuring of Soviet economy, implemented elements of private ownership, and signed nuclear arms treaties with the US

Dissolution of Soviet Union

Occurred in 1991 after Poland and other former Soviet nations separated, leading to the disintegration of the USSR

Balkan Ethnic Cleansing

Occurred with Muslims being murdered by Christian Serbians, leading to UN troop involvement

Boris Yeltsin

First president of Russia after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, faced challenges in reforming the country

Vladimir Putin

Former KGB agent who succeeded Yeltsin as the head of Russia, serving as both President and Prime Minister, causing unrest in relations with other nations

Indian National Congress

Established in 1885 to increase rights of Indians under colonial rule, mostly Hindu in composition

Amritsar Massacre

Occurred in 1919 when 319 Indians were killed by the British during a peaceful protest, fueling resistance

Mohandas Gandhi

Prominent figure in Indian resistance, advocated passive resistance through demonstrations and boycotts

Partition of India

Led to the creation of Pakistan as a separate Muslim nation due to disagreements between Hindu and Muslim groups

African National Congress

Formed in 1912 to oppose European colonialism in South Africa, led by Nelson Mandela to abolish apartheid

Apartheid

Established in South Africa in 1948, enforced racial separation and discrimination against Black people

Israeli-Palestinian Conflict

Resulted in the creation of modern Israel in 1948, leading to ongoing conflicts and violence in the region

Iranian Revolution

Occurred in 1979, leading to the establishment of a theocracy under Ayatollah Khomeini and a shift towards Islamic fundamentalism

OPEC

Formed by oil-exporting nations in the Middle East to control oil prices and production, leading to economic modernization

Persian Gulf War

Fought in 1990-1991 after Iraq invaded Kuwait, resulting in UN forces liberating Kuwait and imposing limitations on Iraq