final

cypress family (cupressaceae)

mostly evergreen, scale-like or awe like. decussate arrangement, leaves fall off.

juniperus

berry-like cone, fleshy palate scales, scale-like or awe like leaves. decussate. sprays do not lie flat.

sequoia

linear needles, two-ranked, stomatal bloom below. only one tree in the genus. small woody cones with spirally arranged pelate scales.

giant sequoia

awe-like, spiral arrangement, glaucous

willow family (salicaceae)

riparian.

leaves: are deciduous, alternate, simple

flowers: mostly dioecious, catkins, appear before leaves.

fruit: capsule with numerous tiny, cottony seeds

genera: cottonwood, willow

populous(cottonwood, poplar,aspen) leaves

deltoid to round, truncate base, long petioles

birch family (betulaceae)

leaves: deciduous, alternate, simple

inflorescence: preformed catkins

fruit: tiny samaras in papery or woody catkin

western genera: birch alder

Lenticels

birch(betula) leaves

ovate to deltoid leaves, serrate margin, thin, floppy branches

alder(alnus) leaves

broad, ovate leaves, serrate to doublely serrate margin, straight veins

beech family (fagaceae)

leaves: alternate arrangement, simple deciduous OR evergreen

monoecious: usually, staminate catkins

fruit: nut enclosed in cup or bur

genera: oak, tanoak, chinkapin

oak (Quercus)

trees and shrubs, deciduous or evergreen, staminate catkins.

acorn: nut with scaly cap

white oak

deciduous or evergreen.

• if deciduous, pinnately lobed with loaded lobes.

• acorns mature in one season

black oak

deciduous or evergreen.

• if deciduous, pinnately loved with spine tipped teeth

• acorns mature in two seasons

live oaks

evergreen, may be in white or black subgroup

small leather unlocked leave

entire or spine toothed margin

tanoak (notholithocarpus)

evergreen

long oval leaves, usually serrate

fruit is an acorn with spiny cap

chinkapin (chrysolepis)

evergreen

narrow, lanceolate leaves with entire margins. golden underneath

nuts held in spiny bur

soapberry family (sapindaceae)

opposite leaf arrangement.

palmately lobed or palmately compound

western genera: maple, buckeye

acer (maple)

opposite leaves

palmately lobed and veined

fruit: double samara

taiga biome

climate: long cold winters, short summers. moderate precipitation

dominant vegetation: spruce, fir, pine, larch

forest structure: closed canopy forest

two genera: pine, spruce

boreal(northern) forest

climate: long cold winters, short summers. 90 day growing seasons. snowy

dominant vegetation: needlelike, coniferous trees

forest structure: conical shaped evergreens

two genera: fir, spruce

eastern temperate forest

climate: four seasons, mid latitude, winters are cold with minimal precipitation

forest structure: closed canopy deciduous forests

two genera: oak, maple

major eastern forest regions

northern, central, southern

fagus(beech)

deciduous, simple oval leaves with serrate margins, straight veins

long buds with imbricate scales

4-parted spiny “husk”

triangular nuts

chestnut(Castanea)

deciduous

long lanceolate leaves with serrate margins

spiny bur containing triangular nuts

walnut family (juglandaceae)

large trees

leaves: pinnately compound leaves with alternate arrangement

staminate catkins, notes are inside leathery husk (drupe)

eastern genera: walnut and hickory

hickory(carya)

pinnately compound leaves

3-branched staminate catkin

fruit is a nut with dehiscent husk

shell of nut is smooth

magnolia family (magnoliaceae)

leaves: simple leaves, alternate

flowers: large solitary flowers with leathery petal and numerous pistils

fruit: aggregate fruit

genera: magnolia, liriondeondron

liriodendron

pinnately lobed leaf, notched apex, deciduous, flower

pine family

evergreen trees

needle like leaves

spirally arranged cone scales

whorled branches

monoecious

pine (pinus)

acicular needles in fascicles

woody cones with spirally arranged scales

larix (tamarack, larch)

deciduous needles on spur shoots

small persistent cones with spirally arranged cone scales

spruce (picea)

sharp acicular needles on raised woody pegs

cylindrical cones with paper scales

ecological succession

autogenic (self-generated) change to the environment that is caused by the organism themselves. results in change to community and structure over time. initiated by disturbance.

disturbance

sets the stage for succession.

(type, intensity, severity, frequency, scale or extent)

disturbance regime

the pattern of disturbance in a particular location

tolerance

a trees ability to grow and and compete with other trees and disturbances

regeneration

the process of renewing tree cover, typically after a disturbance like a harvest or natural event.

attributes of pioneer species

fast-growing, shade-intolerant, and often reproduce rapidly via asexual or wind-dispersed means

attributes of mid-seral species

in-between pioneer and late successional. it depends on the climate they are in.

attributes of late successional species

slow growth, long lifespans, and shade tolerance.

post fire habitat

high light, tier and more temp extreme, low competition for space, OM is reduced, major soil changes in soil profile

fire resilient* (two traits of each)

bounces back after fire

• high moisture content

• physical protection

fire resistant* (two traits of each)

survives fire

• thicker bark

• higher water content in leaves and wood

types of tree defenses

bark, CODIT, resin

pathogen

microorganism, bacterium, or virus that can cause disease

disease

any condition that disrupts the normal functioning or development of the plant

pathways for infection

root contact, wounds, vascular system, and human related activities

wood-boring insects

species that eat and destroy wood

galls

abnormal growths on plants, often appearing as bumps, swellings, or distortions on leaves, stems, or roots

mycorrhizae

interaction between the roots and the plants where both benefit.

mast

the various nuts and fruits produced by woody plants

browse

the tender, edible portions of woody plants, such as leaves, twigs, and shoots, that are consumed by animal.

cavity

live trees with holes or other structures big enough to shelter animals

snag

a standing dead or dying tree, often missing a top or most of the smaller branches.

early seral habitat

the initial stages of forest development following a significant disturbance like fire, logging, or windthrow.

late successional habitat

a multi-layered tree canopy, including large-diameter trees, shade-tolerant tree species in the understory, and a high volume of dead wood, such as snags and logs

name one way that trees provide wildlife food

they produce nuts and seeds that wildlife consume

name one way that trees provide cover

the canopy of the tree provides shade for wildlife.

human uses for xylem

xylem is wood. we use it for everything. buildings, firewood, wood pulp for paper.

human uses for cellulose and lignin

used in paper, textiles, food additive

combustion

the process by which fuels in a forest, such as leaf litter, slash, and tree branches, burn and release heat and other products

pyrolysis

the heating of an organic material, such as biomass, in the absence of oxygen.

end grain

refers to the wood fibers running perpendicular to the length of a board.

long grain

refers to the wood fibers running parallel to the length of a board

uses of resin

coatings, adhesives, art, and various construction materials, as well as in traditional practices like incense and perfumes.