Unit 3- The Middle Ages

Muslims

The ______ invaded the southern coast of Europe and invaded parts of southern France.

Magyars

The _____ invaded western Asia. They were very fast

Vikings

The _____ originated in Scandinavia. They attacked the northern shore of Europe. They used their longships to travel in the ocean and rivers to invade. The Vikings would take over land and eventually turn it into a town. They would sack villages and towns, and they would destroy churches and armies.

Feudalism

____ is an exchange of work for land. The worker would do something for the aristocrat and in exchange, they would get land/protection.

Vassal

A _____ was a man who served a lord in a military capacity.

Knight

A _____ was a successor to the vassal, they were very common by the 800s. They had a heavily armored cavalry. They started their training at 8 or 9 as a page, then at 13 or 14, they were a squire. Later at 17 or 18, they would be knighted if they fit the job. They were given land to support their family.

Fief

A ____ was a land grant given to the vassal. They were an estate of land.

Lord

A _____ was also known as an aristocrat. An aristocrat was a person in the social/ruling class. They were usually upper

Serf

The _____ were the lowest class in the Middle Ages. They were working people who lived on fiefs. They had many responsibilities, some being, physical labor, paying rent, paying fees, etc. They had to work 3 days a week in the lords land. They had to pay their rent with crops that they harvested. They paid fees to use the mill, land, streams, and more.

Nobility

They were lords of bigger influence. Some examples were kings, dukes, counts, bishops, and archbishops. They were large armies of people who were bound together because they were all soldiers.

Tournament

The _____ were usually for training, entertainment, and reputation. Jousting was the most common tournament, but some others were archery, sword, horsemanship, and combat with other weapons. Participation in tournaments was necessary for knights to gain a reputation.

Chivalry

_____ was a code of ethics/conduct that knights were expected to follow. The people of the church were the ones to uphold this code. Some examples of the code defended the interest of the church, help those who can't help themselves, treat captives as you would treat your own, and fought for morality, not treasure or wealth.

Castle

______ were large stone structures that were used by nobility/vassals. Their main purpose was protection. There were 2 parts of the castle, the bailey, and the keep. The inner and outer were both used to stop enemies from entering the castle. A drawbridge was the main setback for many enemies because it was the main entry to get in. The biggest protection was a deep ditch that was filled with water surrounding the castle, this was a moat.

Emperor Justinian

He was the emperor of The Eastern empire after the fall of the Roman empire. He attempted to reconquer the western Roman Empire after its collapse but failed.

Battle of Yarmuk

The Islamic forces won the battle of ____ in 636. Syria/Palestine lost. The Islamic forces invaded from the north and the Balkans lost.

Eastern Orthodox Church

The religion of the Byzantine Empire changed from Roman Catholic to _______ Church. The emperor's power was absolute, and they appointed a patriarch who was the church's leader.

Hippodrome

The _______ was an entertainment building, it was built with techniques like the circus Maximus and the colosseum

Hagia Sophia

_______ was the church if wisdom. It served as the religous, and political center of the Byzantine Empire. It was a Greek Orthodox church which lasted from 360AD

Excommunication

_______ was a revoked church membership. They would be taken out of the rights and communication of believers.

Great Schism of 1054

________ was the separation between the Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches. Their was an argument between Pope Leo and Michael Cerularius.

Infidels

_______ was the name given to the unbelievers by Muslims. They were people who didnt believe in religion or who believes in a religion that is not their own.

Pope Urban II

During the first crusade, _____ called for the Christians to recapture the holy land from the Muslims. He was the head of the Catholic Church.

Saladin

_______ was involved with the 3rd crusade. He defeated a massive army of crusaders and captured the city of Jerusalem.

Richard I (Lionheart)

_______ the King of Engkand. He was one of the Leaders of the 3rd crusade. Him, and other leaders were close to capturing Jerusalem, but were not successful.

Nation States

After the crusades, the ________ would begin to emerge. Some examples of the nation states at this time were Portugal, England, Spain, and France.

Iron

____ would create durable tools such as scythes, axes, hoes, hammers, nails, and carucca which were a new style of plow for planting seeds.

windmill/watermill

The ____ and ____ were used as the motion of the water/wind to move shafts and grined stones.

Carucca

_______ was a new kind of heavy plow, it was a heavily wheeled plow with an iron tip on it to dig deeper into the dirt for planting the seeds. This made a better chance of more growth.

Crop rotation

_________ was used to keep fields fertile. They would plant the first field in the fall and harvest in the summer. The second field would be planted in the spring and harvested in the fall. The third field then would not be used. The three

Venice

______ was an Italian state that dominated. It was a big trade area.

Flanders

_______ was a region in northern Europe, specifically Belgium/France. It was a northern trade area and it had many trade fairs which would usually sell wool, tin, furs, and honey.

Barter System

The _____ was a system used to trade goods for services. The goods would be exchanged for other goods.

Money Economy

The ________ began to emerge as the trade grew. Trending companies and banks started to lend people money.

Commercial capitalism

_______ was an economic system in which people were invested in trade and goods. This allowed people to make a profit on items.

Guild

_____ were business associations of craftsmen that produced the same manufactured goods. Guilds began in the 11th century, they had very many rules.

Apprentice

An ____ started at age 10, a deal was made where they would liv with a craftsmen and the craftsmen would train you from the age 10 to the age of 17,

Journeyman

After being an apprentice, they would become ______. They person would independently do the craft that they were previously taught, they would make a masterpiece and then possibly be hired.

Masterpiece

When they had been taught the craft, they would become a journeyman and produce a ________ that their craft was involved with. If they did good on the masterpiece they would be hired for a job.

Master Craftsmen

After they were a apprentice and journeymen, they would become a ______. They would take apprentices and the cycle would begin again with a different person.

Papal States

The ______ were located in Italy. They had popes, cardinals, bishops, and abbots.

Lay Investiture

Church officials were chosen by nobility and they were then used by the church authority to become more rich.

Pope Grecory VII

________ ¨cleaned up” and strted to do things that would make it harder for nobles to pick clergy.

Interdict

________ is when all bishops and priests are given order from the pope to stop all sacraments. This was a problem because people believed they needed all 7 sacraments to get into heaven.

Sacrament

People believed that they needed all 7 ____ __to get into heaven.__ ___ are religious ceremonies and rituals. Some examples are Baptism, confirmation, matrimony, holy orders, and more.

Cistercian Order

The _________ was the new order of monks. They are Catholic religious orders. Itś main focus was to serve the poor

Flagellant Order

The ________ was another new order of monks. Itś mission was to fix all sins and ask god for forgiveness. They did this by whipping themselves over and over. They blamed the Jews for the black death, they were extremely radical.

Benedictine Order

They spent most of each day praying for the souls of all sinners. They also hand copied and translated bibles.

Hildegard of Bingen

______________ created her own language and wrote a musical play. Her language was used in the Gregorian Chant which was the music of the middle ages.

Franciscan Order

The _______ was started by St. Francis of Assisi. They did missionary work.

Dominican Order

The _________ was started by a Spanish priest, Dominic de Guzman. It was used to proclaim the order of God by preaching, examples, and teaching.

Heresy

_______ was teaching things that weren true. It was also a belief that didn agree with the Christian religion.

Inquisition

_____ was when the holy court was tasked with combating heresy. If a person was accused with heresy, they would be publicly punished. Those who didn confess, were tortured until they did confess.

Relic

_____ were held in high regard. They were seen as a direct link between the earthly world and the spiritual world Some examples were bones, clothing, and other objects.

Pilgrimage

______ were long journeys to holy sites for spiritual fulfillment. The most popular place was Jerusalem. Rome was the second most popular, remains of St. Peter were also extremely popular.

University of Bologna

The ______ was around in 1550. It was oly for men who were trained administrators that were going to be kings and other monarchs.

Theology

______ was the most highly regarded university curriculum. It required around 10 years of study. It was one of the three things that you could study, but it was the most important

Latin

_____ was the universal language of medieval civilization. Vernacular was based on Latin.

Vernacular

was based on Latin; some examples of localized languages that were vernacular were Portuguese, English, Swedish, and more. By the 12th century, most of the new literature was written in it.

Johann Guttenburg

__________ enabled the printing press. The printing press later enabled the vernacular was of writing to spread.

Romanesque Architecture

It was normally built in the basilica shape. Some characteristics were a barrel vault which was arched, it would look like a cross from above. It had massive pillars that would support the heavy walls. There were small windows because the building needed support. The buildings looked like fortrices.

Gothic Architecture

one of the greatest architectural achievements of the High Middle Ages. Some of the characteristics were vaults, ribbed vaults, and pointed arches, these replaced the barrel vaults from romanesque architecture. They were very tall, they made it look like the church was reaching to heaven. “Flying buttresses” were heavy arched supports of stone that were built into the outside of walls to distribute the weight, this allowed more windows. There were many stained glass windows, this gave a lot of natural light. Gargoyles were on the outside of the building, they were monsters to make sure that water wouldnt run down the church, they were also used to indimidate the people to go into the church. There were no pews because people believed that they should stand or kneel to pray and suffer for hours on end. The Notre Dame is the greatest example of am Gothic architecture.

Bubonic Plague(Black Death)

The _____ was brought to England from boats that were bringing goods, these boats had rats which were infested with fleas. The plague rapidly spread for there. Some symptoms were fever, chills, weakness, abdominal pain, throwing up, nose bleads, boils filled with puss, pooling blood under the skin, smelling, and more. It took 6

Quarantine

When an individual is isolated becasue they have been exposed to sickness or diseases.

Hundred Years War

The ________ was the most devastating war of the time. The cause was England pledging loyalty to the French King and he seized gascony anyway, this caused England to declare war. The war lasted from 1337

Edward III

_______ was the King of England. He pledged loyalty to the French king, Philip VI. When Philip Vi seized gascony, Edward III declared war.

Longbow/crossbow

The _____and__ _____ were introduced in the Hundred Years War, they were used greatly. The Lonbow was used by the English, it was easy to fire and the arrow went very far. The crossbow was used by the French, it took awhile to load, but it was extremely powerful, it would dent the armor from long distances and the arrow would go through it from short distances.

Battle of Crecy

The _____ was one of the first battles in the Hundred Years War. It took place in 1336, the French lost around half of their men before they even got to the English. The Engilsh would shoot thousands of arrows upward into the air per minute.

Battle of Agincourt

The ______ is one of the most known battles of the Hundred Years War. Henry V was attacked by th French, they were slowed by mud and the first wave which was the strongest was destroyed. Over 1500 were dead. Northern France was now under English control.

Siege of Orleans

The _______ started in 1429. The English laid siege in Orleans for about seven months. The new king, Charles VII was despreate to get the seige broken so he had Joan of Arc lead the army to the battle. They got the English out of the territory.

Charles VII

______ was the new king of France. He was desprate to get the siege the the English held broken. He took trust in a 16 year old girl, Joan of Arc to lead the battle.

Joan of Arc

______ was a 16 year old girl who led the French to break the siege that the English held in Orleans. She said that she had converstions with God and he told her to help the French. Earlier in her life her mom, dad, and sister were killed and she went ot live with her aunt and uncle. She saved the city of Orleans becasue her troops believed that she was chosen by God to lead them. The French took Orleans back. Unfortunately, the English captured Joan and tortured her in many ways until she admitted to commiting heresy. They were afraid of killing her, so they tortured her instead. The English then turned her over to the English Inquisition and she was convicted of heresy, they tortured her and burned her at the stake. Many years later, she was named St. Joan by the English church.

New Monarchies

Many monarchs gathered strength and collected many large/small manors under their control. They had many tactics. They would buy up and conquer all the land they could, they used new technology, they established law and order, they forced taxation upon lesser nobles, etc.

Louis XI

________ was the king of France. He was also known as the “Spider King” because it is said that he was dangerous like a spider. He created the Taille which was a direct tax on property and land.

Taille

Louis XI, the king of France created a tax on land and property.

War of the Roses

The _______ was between 2 powerful families which were the Yorks and the Lancasters. The fight each other for the throne of England. In 1453, the war ended and it left the Tudor dynasty in charge.

Isabelle and Ferdinand

In Spain, 2 strong kingdoms joined together by the marriage of Isabelle and Ferdinand. The two kingdoms were Castille and Aragon. They ruled together and gained control of the rest of Spain by using the Inquisition. They expelled Jews, Muslims, and any other political rivals.

Hapsburg Dynasty

In the ______, Austria was the most powerful. The dynasty was in the Holy Roman Empire.

Mongols

The ____ invaded and occupied Russia. The Mongols were Russian barbarians.

Ivan III

_______ finished the job that the Princes of Moscow were trying to finish. He led the nobles to victory, he was also known as Ivan the terrible.