Internal Migration in Brazil

When did rural-urban migration in Brazil peak?

• 1960s and 70s saw major rural-urban migration.

• Largest flows occurred between 2005-2010, with urban population growing from 36% to 81%.

How did mechanization impact rural migration in Brazil?

Reduced farm labour due to mechanization of agriculture forced many to leave rural areas. 🚜

How did agricultural issues contribute to rural-urban migration in Brazil?

• High incidence of agricultural production but low wages 📉

• Poor enforcement of minimum wage and employment rights ⚖

• 32 million people suffer from chronic malnutrition 🍽

What environmental factors pushed people to migrate from rural Brazil?

• Desertification in the northeast and deforestation in the north 🌵🌳

• Unreliable rainfall (droughts) 🌧

• Lack of government investment → Few services, poor transport, and food insecurity.

How did social conditions push migration in Brazil?

• High unemployment and underemployment 🚶‍♂

• Poor housing (favelas made of corrugated iron) 🏚

• Poor health services → 50/1000 infant mortality rate 🏥

• Limited access to education 🎓

What cities were migrated to?

São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, and Brasília

Why were employment opportunities a major pull factor?

• Formal sector jobs paid 3 times more than farm jobs 💰

• Informal sector jobs provided skills that could later be used in the formal sector.

What services attracted migrants to Brazilian cities?

• Better access to healthcare and education 🏥📚

• Lower retail prices due to competition 🛒

What other factors made Brazilian cities attractive for migrants?

• Better climate ☀

• Cultural and social attractions 🎭

• Greater internet access 🌐