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superior (cephalic, cranial)
Higher on the body, nearer to the head
Inferior (caudal)
away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below
Anterior (ventral)
front of the body
Posterior (dorsal)
back of body
deep
Away from the body surface; more internal
superficial
near the surface
proximal
Closer to the point of attachment
distal
farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
medial
toward the midline
lateral
away from the midline
supine
lying on the back
prone
lying face down
bilateral
pertaining to two sides
ipsilateral
pertaining to the same side
contralateral
on the opposite side of the body
flexion
process of bending
extension
increases the angle of a joint
abduction
Movement away from the midline of the body
adduction
Movement toward the midline of the body
supination
movement that turns the palm up
pronation
turning the palm downward
Plantarflexion of ankle
moving the bottom of the foot downwards
Dorsiflexion
bending of the foot or the toes upward
external or lateral rotation
turning the joint outward
internal or medial rotation
turning the joint inwards
circumduction
circular movement of a limb at the far end
protraction
Moving a part forward
retraction
moving a part backward
elevation
raising a body part
depression
lowering a body part
gliding
Movement back and forth or side to side, with no rotation or angular motion