UCF - Dr. Ahangari - Human Physiology Exam 1 with 100% correct answers already graded A+ 2025-2026

What is the function of glycocalyx?

Functions in cell-to-cell recognition

Where does the transition from glucose-6-phosphate into free glucose take place?

Liver

How does oral rehydration therapy work?

Cotransport of Na+ and glucose

What structure is continuous with the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

Nuclear Envelope

What is the function of an integral protein?

Could act as a receptor

How does water diffuse across a cellular membrane?

Simple diffusion (osmosis)

How would insulin be absorbed into a cell?

Receptor mediated endocytosis

What is the etiology of familial hypercholesterolemia?

Cells lack the receptors that bind to cholesterol binding LDLs

What is the etiology of marfan syndrome?

Defect of a gene in chromosome 15

NOT a function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum:

It has no ribosomes and is involved in protein production

Gaucher's disease deals with the lack of

Glucocerebrosidase enzyme

Which step of the cell life cycle is not present in interphase?

G3

Which of the following is absent in Meiosis II?

Crossing over

A patient walks in and you diagnose him with Klinefelter syndrome. How would you explain this to the patient?

Disjunction of an X chromosome

A gamete contains

23 single chromosome and 1N amount of DNA

The mitochondrial theory of aging involves a decrease of energy production by radical-damaged mitochondria.

Which of the following vitamins act as antioxidants and prevent excessive production of free radicals?

Vitamin C and E

Programmed cell death contributes to many diseases. The disease that results from extensive nerve cell loss is:

Alzheimers

NOT a characteristic of malignant neoplasm

Is a local mass, remained encapsulated, compacted, grows slowly

NOT a characteristics are correct for phagocytosis

Exocytosis

Which of the following epithelial tissues allows the bladder to distend?

Transitional

Which of the following methods of exocrine secretion is used in the mammary glands?

Apocrine

NOT a characteristics of gap junctions

Connected by 7 hollow cylinders of protein

Fibrilin-1, a glycoprotein, is linked to the disorder Marfan syndrome.

What is the purpose of fibrilin?

Fibrilin is essential for the formation of the elastic fibers found in connective tissue

A patient walks in with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome.

Which of the following collagens are defected?

Collagen III

Permeability of the cell membrane increases with increasing

Oil/water partition coefficient

NOT a characteristics of Type I Diabetes

Hypoglycemia

Gastric parietal cell transports H+ into the stomach by

Primary Active Transport

NOT a characteristic of a tight junction

They are located near the basal surface of the cell

What is an atomic number?

Number of protons

What is a neutralization reaction?

Equal number of hydrogen and hydroxide ions

Four types of tissue:

Muscle ; Epithelial ; Nervous ; Connective (MENC)

Three types of muscle:

Skeletal ; Smooth ; Cardiac

Epithelial cells shape classifications:

Squamous ; Cuboidal ; Columnar

Epithelial classification # of cell layers:

Simple ; Stratified ; Pseudostratified

Simple squamous is found where?

alveoli (to facilitate gas exchange);

body cavities ;

capillaries (to reduce friction)

(ABC)

Function of simple cuboidal epithelium?

Secretion and absorption

Location of simple cuboidal epithelium:

germinal epithelium ; kidney tubules ; ducts of the glands ; gonads ; reproductive tract

(The german kids ducks go reproduce)

Location of simple columnar epithelium:

lining of stomach and intestines ; nose ; ears ; taste buds

Function of simple columnar epithelium:

Secrete mucus or slime (GI TRACT)

Function of pseudostratified columnar epithelium:

Secretion ; mucus ; protection

Location of pseudostratified columnar epithelium:

Ducts of large glands ; upper respiratory tract ; trachea (ciliated kind)

Function of Stratified Cuboidal epithelia:

Protection

Location of stratified cuboidal epithelia:

ducts of sweat glands ; male urethra

Function of stratified columnar epithelium:

Protection ; secretion

Location of stratified columnar epithelium:

male urethra ; large ducts of some glands

Location of stratified squamous epithelium:

vagina

Location of transitional epithelium:

urinary bladder ; urethra ; ureter

Function of transitional epithelium:

accelerates urine flow in renal system

Chromosomes:

____ chromosomes total

_____ are somatic

_____ are sex chromosomes

46 ; 44 ; 2

Mitosis:

_____________ is the first stage in cell life cycle

G1 - ___________ then begins replication

S Phase - DNA _____________

G2 - ___________ needed for cell division -> finish _________ -> cells get ready to divide

interphase ; growth ; replication/synthesis ; enzymes ; replication

Mitosis:

Prophase - _____________ are formed.

_____________ - each chromosome has 2 identical chromatin threads

Protein complex, _____________, and centromeres hold the chromatids together

_____________ - attached to the chromosomes

Asters and chromosomes ; chromatids ; cohesion ; Kinetochores

Mitosis:

Metaphase - chromosomes _____________

Anaphase - chromosomes _____________

Line up ; separate

_____________ - brief moment when one cell may have two nuclei

cytokenesis

Telophase - _____ ___________

cell division

Meiosis I

-Begins with _________

-Crossing over

-Alignment

-_________/Cell division

synapsis ; disjunction

Meiosis II

-No _____________ nor _____________

-Starts with ________

-_________/Cell Division

-Gametes = _______ step in meiotic cell division

synapses ; crossing over ; alignment ; disjunction ; final

Disjunction - if there is any mutation to the gene structure or abnormal disjunction -> ___________________

genetic disorder

For contraction of muscles, you need _________

Calcium

_____calcemia - deficiency of Calcium (less than __ mg/dL), no muscle contraction

_____calcemia - muscle always contracting

Hypo ; 10 ; Hyper

Blood _________ can affect muscle contraction

pressure

In heart contractility of myocardium, ____________ decreases

heart activity

Nerve Tissues

Produce neurotransmitters such as ______________, ______________, __________

Acetyl Choline (ACh) ; Norepinephrine/Epinephrine ; serotonin

Nerve Tissue

_____________ - surrounds the nerve

_____________ - surrounds the bundle of nerve fibers

_____________ - surrounds the individual nerve fibers

epineurium ; perineurium ; endoneurium

Exocrine glands secrete their products into ______/________

ducts ; cavities

________ glands are __________

Endocrine ; ductless

Merocrine: ________ cells release products this way using ___________

most ; secretory vesicles

Apocrine: Cells are _______________. This method is found in:

pinched off ; mammary glands

Holocrine: ___________ dies and breaks off. Found in ___________ and _________ glands

whole cell ; sweat ; sebaceous

Endocrine glands secrete ____________ into _______________ to circulate in the body and reach target cells

hormones ; blood stream

__________ Has endocrine and exocrine functions

pancreas

Pancreas exocrine function: produces

pancreatic enzymes (amylase, protease, lipase)

Pancreas endocrine function: produces and secretes

3 hormones (insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin)

_____________ - regulation (decrease) of blood glucose level

insulin

When blood glucose is more than ________ mg/dL, _________ is activated and decreases blood glucose levels to normal

120 ; insulin

Normal range of blood glucose = ________ to _______ mg/DL

70 ; 110

_____________ - regulation (increase) of blood glucose level

glucagon

When blood glucose is lower than ______ to _______ mg/dL, _____________ is activated and increases blood glucose levels to normal

50 ; 100 ; glucagon

Somatostatin

Acts as _____________ hormone - ____________ other hormone secretion such as insulin and glucagon ; Decreases/Suppresses __________ hormone secretion

paracrine ; suppresses ; gastric

Tight Junctions:

_____________ passage of molecules through the space between the cells

prevent

Desmosomes:

Contain __________ and _______

cadherins ; keratins

Gap Junctions:

_____________ passage of small molecules through the space between neighboring cells

-Contain ___________ which contain _____________

allow ; Connexon ; 6 connexin

_____% of the body is water

67

Passive Transport - net movement of molecules across a membrane from _________ to ________ concentration. ___________ use ATP

high ; low ; doesn't

Simple Diffusion

Is not _________ _________

Occurs in a _________ gradient

carrier mediated ; downhill

Facilitated Diffusion:

_________ _________, therefore exhibits stereospecificity, saturation, and competition

Occurs in a _________ gradient

carrier mediated ; downhill

Active Transport - net movement of molecules across a membrane from _________ to _________ concentration. _________ use ATP

low ; high ; does

Primary Transport:

_________ _________

Occurs in a _________ gradient

Examples: _________, _________, _________

Carrier mediated ; uphill ; NaK ; calcium ; proton (pumps)

Secondary Transport:

_________ _________

Occurs in a _________ gradient - Na+ (is usually) transported downhill with another molecule pushed uphill with the _______ use of ATP

Cotransport/Symport - __________ direction across membrane

Countertransport/Antiport - _________ direction across membrane

Carrier mediated ; uphill ; indirect ; same ; opposite

Na K ratio is ____ Na out: ____ K in. Neuromuscular junction: outside stimulus hits neuron, _____ channel opens

3 ; 2 ; Ca

Osmosis - flow of ________ across a semipermeable membrane from ______ solute concentration to _______ solute concentration

H2O ; low ; high

Osmolarity - concentration of osmotically active particles in a solution

_____________ - same osmolarity

_____________ - solution with higher osmolarity

_____________ - solution with lower osmolarity

isosmotic ; hyperosmotic ; hypoosmotic

Osmotic Pressure - increases when solute concentration is _________.

_____________ - high osmotic pressure

_____________ - low osmotic pressure

high ; hyper ; hypo

How does osmotic pressure become isotonic?

when solute concentration is the same

Blood Glucose

Normal range of blood glucose: _____________

_____________ is called hyperglycemia

_____________ is called hypoglycemia

70-110 ; above 120 ; below 50-60

Resting Membrane Potential is ______ mV

-70

Action Potential - property of excitability consisting of _____________, or upstroke, followed by _____________

depolarization ; repolarization

_____________ - makes the membrane less negative

_____________ - makes the membrane more negative

depolarization ; hyper polarization

_____________ - the flow of positive charge into the cell

_____________ - the flow of positive charge out of the cell

inward current (influx) ; Outward current (efflux)

What can block an action potential?

Lidocaine ; Tetrodotoxin (TTx)

Conduction of action potential velocity is increased by:

-______ fiber size

-_____________

increase ; myelination