Lesson 3 (Grammar 1)

Vocabulary and grammar flashcards focusing on modal verbs of past possibility and insect/animal bite vocabulary.

Modals of Past Possibility

Modal verb structures (such as could have, might have, may have, and must have) used to show how sure or certain we are about past situations.

could or might have

Modal phrases used when one is not sure about what happened in a past situation.

may have

A modal phrase used when one is fairly sure about what happened in a past situation.

must have

A modal phrase used when one is very sure or certain about what happened in a past situation.

Third-Person Past Modal Rule

The grammatical rule specifying that 'have' does NOT change to 'has' in the third person (he, she, it).

Positive Past Modal Form

Grammatical structure formed with a pronoun + modal verb + have + main verb in the past participle (PP).

Negative Past Modal Form

Grammatical structure formed with a pronoun + modal verb + not + have + main verb in the past participle (PP).

bite

An action performed by animals such as snakes and spiders using their mouth or fangs.

hurt

To cause physical pain or injury, such as the severe pain resulting from a spider bite.

calm

A state of mind in which a person is not easily worried, angry, or upset.

upset

Becoming emotionally disturbed or agitated, an emotion many people experience upon seeing insects.

be scared of

To feel afraid of something or someone.

venom

A poisonous fluid secreted by certain animals, such as snakes, scorpions, or spiders, that makes them dangerous.