Art midterm

Encaustic

To use encaustic, an artist must mix pigments with hot wax and then apply the mixture quickly ▪ Artists can apply the paint with brushes, palette knives, or rags, or can simply pour it ▪ A stiff-backed support is necessary because encaustic, when cool, is not very flexible and may crack

Tempera

Painters who use egg tempera have different ideas about what parts of the egg work best for tempera painting, but artists during the Renaissance preferred the yolk ▪ Tempera is best mixed fresh for each painting session ▪ Tempera is usually applied with a brush and dries almost immediately

Fresco

This technique involves pigment mixed with water painted onto a freshly applied lime-plaster surface (Buon Fresco (Wet) or True Fresco) Fresco Secco: Dry Fresco The pigment is not mixed into a binder, as it is in other painting techniques Once this chemical reaction is complete the color is extremely durable, making fresco a very permanent painting medium The earliest examples of the fresco method come from Crete in the Mediterranean (the palace at Knossos and other sites) and date to c. 1600-1500 BCE

Oil

Artists used oil paint during the Middle Ages, but have only done so regularly since the fifteenth century ▪ The oil most used as a binder was linseed oil, a by-product of the flax plant from which linen cloth is made ▪ Giorgio Vasari, an Italian Renaissance writer and artist, credits the fifteenth-century Flemish painter Jan van Eyck with the invention of oil paint

Chiaroscuro

Italian for "light dark" ▪ A method of applying value to a twodimensional piece of artwork to create the illusion of three dimensions ▪ Renaissance artists identified five distinct areas of light and shadow ◆ Highlight, light, core shadow, reflected light, and cast shadow

woodcut

Woodcuts with fine details and elaborate design were familiar in Asia centuries before Durer's landmark work (previous slide) • Paper was invented in China approximately 1000 years before appearing in the West • In Japan, in the 19th century, teams of artisans created prints of great beauty and complexity • In a print like this each color is the product of a different carved block - each color must line up correctly (known as proper registration)

lithography

Images are drawn or painted directly on a flat stone or plate with waxy crayons, or a greasy liquid called tusche • The lithographic stone or plate is then treated with a chemical so that only the greasy areas will attract ink • Lithography was invented as a commercial process to reproduce sheets of music cheaply • Toulouse-Lautrec raised color lithography to the status of fine art

methods of sculpture

Additive: processes of modeling, casting, or constructing in which sculptors add material to make the final artwork

Subtractive: a sculptor uses a tool to carve, drill, chisel, chip, whittle, or saw away unwanted material

freestanding sculpture

An approach to sculpture that invites us to examine a work on all sides is known as freestanding, or sculpture in the round

sculpture in the round

Freestanding sculpture inhabits 3-dimensional space in the same way living things do • Must be circled around to view it completely • As the viewer moves around Bernini's sculpture the figure's moving, twisting bodies create new visual discoveries, and changing patterns of positive/negative space in 3-dimensions

kinetic sculpture

Kinetic sculpture has evolved during the twentieth century and is a notable example of art that moves Alexander Calder invented the mobile The mobile relies on air currents to power its movement Untitled uses a small motor, powering counterbalanced abstract elements that move independently of each other The result is a constantly changing visual form

structure, function and form

ARCHITECTURAL ENGINEERS WORK TO CREATE A BALANCE BETWEEN TENSION AND COMPRESSION (PUSH EQUALS PULL) • EACH BUILDING MATERIAL RESISTS COMPRESSION OR TENSION DIFFERENTLY • IF BALANCED CORRECTLY, A BUILDING CAN STAND FOR THOUSANDS OF YEARS

Materials and Methods - Stone

Masonry construction involves the use of bricks or blocks of stone Stone construction is traditionally associated with strength The Greeks perfected post and lintel construction - (seen in the Parthenon) - it permitted more open buildings than with the bearing-wall method

The Classical World: Greece

The Parthenon represents an ideal of classical style A sense of logic and clarity can be seen in the simple plan and in the way that the forms exhibit a clear expression of their function - the colonnade supports the lintel that holds up the roof Classical - characteristic of Greek and Roman antiquity Colonnade - a row of columns

Materials and Methods - Stone

The use of stone arches was expanded during the Middle Ages • Barrel vaults opened up large and long public spaces in stone buildings • Groin vaults cross 2 barrel vaults at right angles

Sainte-Foy, nave

The Romanesque Church of Sainte-Foy was a stop along the Christian pilgrimage route to Santiago de Compostela in Spain • The weight of the vault thrusts outward - The walls supporting it must be massive so as not to collapse • Vaulted aisles counteract this outward pressure on the walls and support both sides of the central nave • Even though Romanesque churches are large enough for plenty of pilgrims and worshipers, the thick walls have only small windows, creating dark and gloomy interior spaces

In Architecture the Romans adopted the language of Greek architecture to which they added the use of the arch • The arch enabled them to construct enormous buildings like the Colosseum, which could seat 50,000 spectators and was 13 stories tall • The Colosseum uses all 3 of the Greek column styles, but not to support the structure - they are ornamental

The Romans also developed the dome, making it possible to span large spaces without supports or columns • The Pantheon in Rome was the most famous and largest domed building in the ancient world • Behind a rectangular porch it is a completely round building or rotunda, topped by a half sphere with an oculus, or eye - an opening to the heavens • Instead of using marble like the Greeks, the Romans exploited the use of concrete as a building material

TIME AS AN ARTIST'S MEDIUM

Artists used information from photographs to depict motion Giacomo Balla celebrates a new way of seeing and a new era for art

photography

The word photography derives from Greek, "writing with light" ▪ Collecting the image ◆ Film: negative and positive ◆ Digital: pixels, computer ▪ Camera mechanics are similar to those of the human eye

Eadweard Muybridge, The Horse in Motion

Creating the illusion of movement First motion had to be frozen in a still image Eadweard Muybridge Photographed a horse running Used a line of 12 cameras Proved what the human eye cannot see A galloping horse has all its legs off the ground at once

STRAIGHT PHOTOGRAPHY

Documentary photography became increasingly important in the 20th century - authentic, unretouched photographs that recorded important social conditions and political events During the Great Depression photographers like Dorothea Lange worked for the government documenting miserable living conditions, in search of evidence to support the New Deal programs

Lange, Migrant Mother Time and Motion in Photography

In the span of a few minutes, Lange went from showing the family in the environment in which they lived— a tent—to the intimate portrayal of an individual • By looking at this series, the process of selection becomes clear • Lange chose specific moments to capture, and from those moments she further selected the one she felt most effectively communicated what she thought was most true - Lange retouched the negative to crop out the hand • Because this photograph was meant to be an objective portrayal, the change was kept secret at the time, and has since been considered controversial

moving pictures

By 1928 Surrealists saw film as an ideal medium to construct an irrational world, as in a dream Salvador Dali and Luis Bunuel created a film which explored the possibilities of the medium to shock the public

GEORGES MÉLIÈS, A TRIP TO THE MOON

George Méliès, French magician and filmmaker Used films as part of his magic show Made science fiction and fantasy films A Trip to the Moon His most famous film Astronomers launch themselves from a cannon Crash into the moon's right eye Méliès moves time forward using Multiple settings, repeated scenes, cuts

Aphodite of Knidos, Praxiteles

Bold step to render a goddess in the nude. • Sensuous and humanizing qualities —different from the cold, aloof gods and athletes of the High Classical. •Inspiration for Venus pudica

hinduism

Hinduism is polytheistic Their 3 most important gods are: Brahma the creator, Vishnu the preserver, and Shiva the destroyer (who makes way for rebirth) - life is seen as a cycle of birth, death, and rebirth The dance of Shiva symbolizes the most powerful forces in the universe - creation, conservation, destruction, and liberation Polytheism - the belief in more than one god Shiva as Nataraja, ca. 1000. Bronze. Naltunai Ishvaram Temple, Punja

Hinduism is polytheistic Their 3 most important gods are: Brahma the creator, Vishnu the preserver, and Shiva the destroyer (who makes way for rebirth) - life is seen as a cycle of birth, death, and rebirth The dance of Shiva symbolizes the most powerful forces in the universe - creation, conservation, destruction, and liberation Polytheism - the belief in more than one god Shiva as Nataraja, ca. 1000. Bronze. Naltunai Ishvaram Temple, Punja

Over 8,000 life-sized soldiers found in Qin Shi Huangdi's tomb ◆ Made from terracotta ◆ To protect the Emperor in the afterlife ◆ The figures are rigid as though standing to attention ◆ Overall regularity suggests that a mold may have been used to create the terracotta sculptures • But each one has individualized clothing, weaponry, and facial features

THE EMERGENCE OF THE METHODS AND MATERIALS OF THE MODERN WORLD

IN THE 19TH CENTURY, IRON, STEEL, AND CONCRETE BECAME COMMONLY USED • BUILDINGS COULD BE BUILT TALLER AND IN DIFFERENT CONFIGURATIONS • NEW TYPES OF BUILDING EMERGED, AND NEW MATERIALS MADE BUILDINGS LOOK RADICALLY DIFFERENT

MATERIALS AND METHODS - STEEL & GLASS

STEEL IS STRONGER AND LIGHTER THAN IRON • STEEL FRAME (OR CAGE) CONSTRUCTION EMPLOYS AN INTERIOR SKELETON • NO STONE WALLS OR WOODEN BEAMS ARE NEEDED FOR SUPPORT • WALLS ARE A SKIN OF GLASS • LED TO AN AMERICAN INNOVATION - THE SKYSCRAPER • THE BEST OF WHICH CONVEY A SENSE OF LIGHTNESS, REFINEMENT, AND ELEGANCE

ART 2 MEDIA AND PROCESSES Gateways to Art: Understanding the Visual Arts, Third Edition, Debra J. DeWitte, Ralph M. Larmann, and M. Kathryn Shields Chapter 2.5 Architecture CONTRASTING IDEAS IN MODERN ARCHITECTURE: LE CORBUSIER'S VILLA SAVOYE AND FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT'S FALLINGWATER

TWO BUILDINGS CONSTRUCTED ABOUT THE SAME TIME, THE VILLA SAVOYE AND FALLINGWATER, ARE BASED ON RADICALLY DIFFERENT IDEAS ABOUT ARCHITECTURE • LE CORBUSIER'S ARCHITECTURAL DESIGNS WERE PART OF THE INTERNATIONAL STYLE THAT WAS PROMOTED AS A UNIVERSAL AESTHETIC FORM THAT COULD BE BUILT IN ANY GEOGRAPHICAL OR CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT RELATIVELY INEXPENSIVELY • SAW ARCHITECTURE AS A "MACHINE FOR LIVING" • WRIGHT DID NOT THINK THAT A HOUSE SHOULD BE A MACHINE. HE BELIEVED THE DESIGN OF A HOUSE SHOULD RESPOND ORGANICALLY TO ITS LOCATION