Women in the Ancient World - GCSE Classical Civilisation OCR
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100 Terms
Why was Pandora created?
She was created to punish man for accepting Prometheus's gift of fire to them.
Who narrates the story?
Hesiod, in 'Works and Days'
What is Hephaestus the god of?
Forge and craftsmanship
What does Pandora translate to?
'All gifts'
What did Athena give Pandora?
Made her look attractive.
What did Hermes give Pandora?
Thievish nature and crafty words
Who was she the bride to?
The Titan Epimetheus
What did Pandora bring to earth?
Pithos (jar)
What alternate thing does Pandora bring to earth?
A pyxis (box)
What positive thing did Zeus leave in the jar?
Hope
What does didactic mean?
Something that is meant to teach or instruct
Who were Helen's parents?
Zeus and Leda (wife of Tyndareus, king of Sparta)
What did Tyndareus make Helen's suitors do?
Swear an oath that they would go against anyone who threatened the marriage that Helen would be in
Who did Helen choose as a husband?
Menelaus
What position was Menelaus
Prince of Mycenae
Who was Helen's daughter?
Hermoine
What position was Paris?
Prince of Troy
Which goddess supported Paris?
Aphrodite, he was one of her favourite mortals.
What gift had Aphrodite promised?
The most beautiful woman in the world
What are the interpretations of Helen's story?
-Went willingly with Paris to Troy
-He kidnapped her
-She hid in Egypt was Paris kidnapped a ghost Helen made by Hera
Who wanted Paris to marry Helen
Theoclymenus
What did Helen cause?
The Trojan war
Who was the founder of Rome?
Romulus
Who mainly lived in early Rome?
Refugees, criminals - MEN!
Why were the Sabines in Rome?
Romulus has invited them for a big celebration - religious festival
What does 'patrician' mean?
Rome's elite/noble class
Who took most of the Sabine Women?
Patricians of Rome
What citizens were the Sabines now?
Roman
What does Livy's interpretation tell us?
That vanity was the easiest way to win over a woman
Who was Tarpeia?
Daughter of the general Spurius Tarpeuis
Why was she outside the city
Collecting water
Who bribed Tarpeia?
King Tatinus
Who killed Tarpeia?
The Sabines (King Tatinus)
What did Tarpeia offer the Sabines?
Would let them for what they had 'on their arms'
What was Tarpeia labelled as by the Romans?
A traitor
How did the Romans and Sabines establish peace?
Both joined together since Sabines were happy with their Roman husbands.
What type of woman was Lucretia?
Patrician
Who was Lucretia married to?
Collatinus
What were the men doing in the Lucretia story?
Dinner party - decided they would compete to find the most 'virtuous' wife.
What is Lucretia doing when the men come to her house?
Weaving long into the night.
Who was so aroused by her weaving?
Sextus Taquinius Suberbus
Who was Sextus the son of?
Priscus
What did Sextus do?
Forced her to sleep with him or he would ruin her reputation
What did she do as a responce?
Slept with him but killed herself out of shame
What is pudicitia?
Roman idea of sexual modesty shown through a womans chastity or fidelity to her husband.
What was Lucretia's actions an example of?
Excellent female behaviour.
What did the poet Ovid describe Lucretia as?
'matrona with a manly spirit.'
What action of Lucretia's was more manly?
She used a knife as a way of dying - very masculine, most women used poison/hanged themselves
What is a kyrios?
The male head of the Greek household, with responsibility for and authority over his wife, children and any unmarried female relatives.
What is exposure?
The ancient practice of leaving an unwanted baby outside the city to die.
What is a dowry?
The money that the wife brings to her husband when they get married.
Who had control over if the baby was exposed or not?
The kyrios/the paterfamilias
What type of education system did Athens have?
No state education system
What would most girls learn?
From their mothers, learn a range of PRACTICAL skills that would lead them to be a good kyria in future life.
How was teaching women viewed?
As though it was dangerous
Did class affect girls' education?
Certainly, lower-class girls would've taken a more active role in the running of the household in comparison to a richer girl.
What age were marriages arranged in Athens?
Whenever she hit puberty - around the age of 14
Who would arrange the Athenian marriage?
The kyrios - viewed it as a business deal
In Athens, what would they do when the marriage was arranged?
Swear an Oath
When were the couple considered legally married in Athens?
From the betrothal (engagement)
How would the dowry protect the bride?
Meant that if the husband was to divorce, he would have to return the dowry. Encourages men not to mistreat their wives.
How long did an Athenian wedding last?
Three days
What would happen on the first day of an Athenian wedding?
Joined by her female relatives and friends to have a feast. She would make sacrifices to Artemis.
What was Artemis the goddess of?
Childhood and Virginity.
What sacrifice would an Athenian bride make to Artemis?
Cut a lock of her hair off, and give her childhood toys away. Was used to thank the goddess for her protection during childhood, and ask for that continued favour as an adult.
Who else might have an Athenian bride made sacrifices to?
Hera and Aphrodite.
What happened on the second day of an Athenian marriage?
Started with a Ritual Bath for the bride. After, she would be dresses in the finest clothes and jewlerry available. She would also be dressed in a veil.
What was the most important item of clothing a woman wore on her wedding day?
The veil - which symbolised her modesty.
What would happen on the third day of an Athenian wedding after the bride was veiled?
Her and her Kyrios would have a wedding feast in their home. After the feast was over, they would have a torch lit procession where the bride would get dragged away by her husband from her mother, and put into cart. Then, she would be taken to her new home in the cart and the cart's axel would be burned to symbolise 'no going back' after the procession finished.
Why were there lanterns at an Athenian wedding?
To ward off evil spirits
What would happen on the last day?
The brides attendants would be outside her bedroom, and when the couple woke up and left, she was given lots of gifts.
Why were eye witness important in an Athenian wedding?
Eyewitnesses would legitimise the wedding, they would be called to give evidence if there was even conflict.
How were Spartan women treated?
They had considerable freedom, especially in running the family estates when their husband were on active military service. They were given great honour for giving birth to children.
Who would accept a baby into the family in Sparta?
The Spartan Elders.
Was there any preference for raising boys over girls in Sparta?
No
What was Spartan girls education like?
They engaged in physical training, but also average level of reading, writing and arithmetic.
Who was the famous Spartan woman that was a victor at the Olympics?
Cynisca
How did matchmaking work in Sparta?
It all depended on if you would produce healthy, warrior children. Mainly, benefit to the Spartan state was the contributing factor of the choice.
Did a Spartan wedding have a dowry?
No
What age would a girl marry in Sparta?
In their late teens or early twenties.
What did a Spartan wedding ceremony consist of?
The woman would dress as a man (shave her hair), meet alone with her husband on the floor of her bedroom after waiting till he arrived. When he did, they would make love and he would return to the barracks straight afterwards.
How often did the Spartan marriage arrangement happen?
Continue indefinitely, with the couple meeting in secret.
Why was a Spartan marriage done this way?
-To ensure that the state came first before relationships
-They would have vigorous sex if they did it rarely, and therefore, produce healthier offspring
What is paterfamilias?
The male head of a family or household.
What is a patricia potestas?
The power held by the paterfamilias over his family.
How was a Roman child accepted into the family?
The baby would be left at the paterfamilias' feet, and if he lifted it into the air it was accepted, and if he turned away from it it would be exposed by the midwife.
How would a Roman girl be accepted into the family?
She would be put on a couch for Juno, which meant that she invited the gods into the house and she would be watched over for her first few days
What is Juno the goddess of?
Marriage and childbirth
What happened on the eighth day of a Roman girl's life?
The family held a ceremony for naming the child, where she would be called the feminine version of her fathers name.
What happened during the eighth day ceremony?
They would make offerings to the gods. The baby would be given gifts and a BULLA to ward off evil spirits.
What is a bulla?
A lucky charm worn by a child throughout her childhood in Rome.
When was the bulla given up for girls?
On her wedding day
Were Roman girls educated?
It was usual for them to be taught reading, writing and arithmetic, by a teacher known as an LITTERATOR.
What is an litterator in Rome?
A teacher for primary aged children in the Roman world.
What is a fresco?
Painting done on fresh, wet plaster with water-based paints
Did Rome have state education?
No, families had to arrange it.
What domestic tasks were girls usually taught in Rome?
Weaving, spinning wool, cooking and managing the house.
What would girls form younger families have the opportunity to do in poorer families in Rome?
Could trade to earn money - evidence suggests some were hairdressers or jewellery makers.
What were only a few Roman women given the option of learning?
History, geometry, music, philosophy, law, rhetoric.
Who is Maesia?
A roman woman who defended herself in court.