CHAPTER 1

Muscular skeletal system

The name used to describe the muscular skeletal system and the muscular system working together.

How many bones in the human body

206

Long bones

Bones that enable gross (large) movements.

Short bones

Bones that enable finer controlled movements.

Flat bones

Bones that are often large and protect vital organs.

Irregular bones

Bones that are specifically shaped to protect.

Articulating bones

Bones that meet at a joint to enable movement.

what articulating bones are at the shoulder

scapula, clavicle, humerus

what articulating bones are at the elbow

humerus, radius, ulna

what articulating bones are at the hip

pelvis, femur

what articulating bones are at the knee

femur, patella, fibula, tibia

what articulating bones are at the ankle

tibia, fibula, talus

Support

The function of the skeleton that provides a framework for the body and allows movement.

Protection

The function of the skeleton that protects vital organs from injury.

Movement

The function of the skeleton that allows movement when muscles contract and pull on the bones.

Shape and structure

The function of the skeleton that provides something for muscles to attach to and supports the body.

Produce blood cells

The function of the skeleton that produces red and white blood cells in the bone marrow.

Storage of minerals

The function of the skeleton that acts as reservoirs for vital minerals such as calcium and phosphorus.

Joint

Where two or more bones meet and muscles act together to cause movement.

Synovial joints

Freely-movable joints that allow different types of movement.

Ball and socket joints

The most moveable joints in the body that can move away from and rotate.

what type of synovial joint is the shoulder

ball and socket

what type of synovial joint is the hip

ball and socket

what type of synovial joint is the knee

hinge

what type of synovial joint is the ankle

hinge

what type of synovial joint is the elbow

hinge

Hinge joints

Joints that can only move towards or away from the body like a hinge on a door.

Extension

Straightening or extending a limb.

Flexion

Bending or flexing a limb.

Abduction

Moving a limb away from the center line of the body.

Adduction

Moving a limb towards the center line of the body.

Rotation

A circular movement around a joint.

Circumduction

Movement of a bone or limb in a circular pattern. A combination of flexion, extension, adduction and abduction

Plantar Flexion

Movement at the ankle joint that points the toes.

Dorsi-flexion

Movement at the ankle that flexes the foot upwards.

Tendons

Connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone.

Antagonistic Pairs

Pairs of muscles arranged on either side of joints that work together to create movement.

what muscles are at the shoulder joint

deltiod, trapezius, pectorals, lattissimus dorsi, biceps, triceps, rotator cuff

what muscles are at the elbow joint

biceps, triceps

what muscles are at the hip joint

gluteals, hip flexors

what muscles are at the knee joint

quadriceps, hamstrings

what muscles are at the ankle joint

gastrocnemius, tibialis anterior

what is the muscle that tenses called

the agonist

what is the muscle that eccentrically contracts called

the antagonist

what is the antagonistic pair at the elbow

biceps and triceps

what is the antagonistic pair at the hip

hip flexors and gluteals

what is the antagonistic pair at the knee

hamstring group and quadriceps group

what is the antagonistic pair at the ankle

tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius

Isometric

Muscular contraction that does not create movement, the muscle neither shortens nor lengthens

Isotonic

Muscular contraction that creates movement, muscle changes length

Concentric

Muscular contraction when the muscle contracts and shortens.

Eccentric

Muscular contraction when the muscle contracts and lengthens.

Cardio-respiratory

The name used to describe the respiratory system and the cardiovascular system working together.

Circulatory system

The system that includes the heart, blood vessels, and blood.

Respiratory system

The system that includes the lungs and airways.

Gaseous exchange

The process where oxygen moves into the blood and carbon dioxide moves out of the blood.

Haemoglobin

The protein found in red blood cells that transports oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Oxyhaemoglobin

A chemical formed when haemoglobin bonds to oxygen

Alveoli

Small air sacks in the lungs where gas exchange takes place.

Capillaries

Microscopic blood vessels that allow for gaseous exchange.

Diffusion Pathway

The distance traveled during diffusion.

Inhalation

The process of breathing in. The diaphragm contracts and moves downward, the intercostal muscles contract raising the ribs and pushing out the sternum, making the chest cavity larger.

Exhalation

The process of breathing out. The diaphragm relaxes, moves back into a dome shape, the intercostal muscles relax, lowering the ribs and dropping the sternum, making the chest cavity smaller.

Spirometer Trace

A measurement of lung capacity using a spirometer.

Tidal volume

The normal amount of air inhaled or exhaled per breath.

Expiratory reserve volume

The amount of air that can be forced out after normal expiration.

Inspiratory reserve volume

The amount of air that can be forced in after normal inspiration.

Residual volume

The amount of air that remains in the lungs after maximal expiration.

Pulse

The rhythmic throbbing felt as arteries pump blood around the body.

Backflow

The flowing backwards of blood prevented by valves in the veins.

Diastole

The phase of the heartbeat when the chambers of the heart relax and fill with blood.

Systole

The phase of the heartbeat when the chambers of the heart contract and empty of blood.

Cardiac cycle

One cycle of diastole and systole.

Arteries

Blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart under high pressure.

Veins

Blood vessels that carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart.

Capillaries

Microscopic blood vessels that link arteries to veins and allow for gaseous exchange.

Deoxygenated blood

Blood that is low in oxygen.

Oxygenated blood

Blood that is high in oxygen.

Contract

When the heart muscles tighten and squeeze, pushing blood out of the heart.

Ejected

The process of blood being forced out of the heart during contraction.

Cardiac Cycle

One complete cycle of the heart's contraction and relaxation.

Blood Pressure

The force exerted by the blood against the walls of the blood vessels.

Systolic Pressure

The pressure of the blood when the heart contracts and ejects blood.

Diastolic Pressure

The pressure of the blood when the heart relaxes and fills with blood.

Redistribution of Blood

The movement of blood to different parts of the body during exercise.

Heart Rate

The number of times the heart beats in one minute.

Stroke Volume

The amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle with each heartbeat.

Cardiac Output

The total volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute.

Aerobic Exercise

Exercise performed at a low to moderate intensity, allowing the body to use oxygen for energy production.

Anaerobic Exercise

Exercise performed at a high intensity without enough oxygen for energy production.

Excess Post-exercise Oxygen Consumption (EPOC)

The amount of oxygen needed to recover after exercise.

Cool Down

Gradually reducing the intensity of exercise to help the body recover.

Manipulation of Diet

Making changes to the diet to support exercise performance and recovery.

Immediate Effects of Exercise

Changes that occur in the body during and immediately after exercise.

Short-term Effects of Exercise

Effects that last for 24-36 hours after exercise.

Fatigue

Extreme tiredness due to lactic acid build-up or prolonged exercise.

Long-term Effects of Exercise

Changes that occur in the body after months or years of regular exercise.

Hypertrophy

Enlargement of an organ or tissue caused by an increase in the size of its cells.