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Muscular skeletal system
The name used to describe the muscular skeletal system and the muscular system working together.
How many bones in the human body
206
Long bones
Bones that enable gross (large) movements.
Short bones
Bones that enable finer controlled movements.
Flat bones
Bones that are often large and protect vital organs.
Irregular bones
Bones that are specifically shaped to protect.
Articulating bones
Bones that meet at a joint to enable movement.
what articulating bones are at the shoulder
scapula, clavicle, humerus
what articulating bones are at the elbow
humerus, radius, ulna
what articulating bones are at the hip
pelvis, femur
what articulating bones are at the knee
femur, patella, fibula, tibia
what articulating bones are at the ankle
tibia, fibula, talus
Support
The function of the skeleton that provides a framework for the body and allows movement.
Protection
The function of the skeleton that protects vital organs from injury.
Movement
The function of the skeleton that allows movement when muscles contract and pull on the bones.
Shape and structure
The function of the skeleton that provides something for muscles to attach to and supports the body.
Produce blood cells
The function of the skeleton that produces red and white blood cells in the bone marrow.
Storage of minerals
The function of the skeleton that acts as reservoirs for vital minerals such as calcium and phosphorus.
Joint
Where two or more bones meet and muscles act together to cause movement.
Synovial joints
Freely-movable joints that allow different types of movement.
Ball and socket joints
The most moveable joints in the body that can move away from and rotate.
what type of synovial joint is the shoulder
ball and socket
what type of synovial joint is the hip
ball and socket
what type of synovial joint is the knee
hinge
what type of synovial joint is the ankle
hinge
what type of synovial joint is the elbow
hinge
Hinge joints
Joints that can only move towards or away from the body like a hinge on a door.
Extension
Straightening or extending a limb.
Flexion
Bending or flexing a limb.
Abduction
Moving a limb away from the center line of the body.
Adduction
Moving a limb towards the center line of the body.
Rotation
A circular movement around a joint.
Circumduction
Movement of a bone or limb in a circular pattern. A combination of flexion, extension, adduction and abduction
Plantar Flexion
Movement at the ankle joint that points the toes.
Dorsi-flexion
Movement at the ankle that flexes the foot upwards.
Tendons
Connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone.
Antagonistic Pairs
Pairs of muscles arranged on either side of joints that work together to create movement.
what muscles are at the shoulder joint
deltiod, trapezius, pectorals, lattissimus dorsi, biceps, triceps, rotator cuff
what muscles are at the elbow joint
biceps, triceps
what muscles are at the hip joint
gluteals, hip flexors
what muscles are at the knee joint
quadriceps, hamstrings
what muscles are at the ankle joint
gastrocnemius, tibialis anterior
what is the muscle that tenses called
the agonist
what is the muscle that eccentrically contracts called
the antagonist
what is the antagonistic pair at the elbow
biceps and triceps
what is the antagonistic pair at the hip
hip flexors and gluteals
what is the antagonistic pair at the knee
hamstring group and quadriceps group
what is the antagonistic pair at the ankle
tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius
Isometric
Muscular contraction that does not create movement, the muscle neither shortens nor lengthens
Isotonic
Muscular contraction that creates movement, muscle changes length
Concentric
Muscular contraction when the muscle contracts and shortens.
Eccentric
Muscular contraction when the muscle contracts and lengthens.
Cardio-respiratory
The name used to describe the respiratory system and the cardiovascular system working together.
Circulatory system
The system that includes the heart, blood vessels, and blood.
Respiratory system
The system that includes the lungs and airways.
Gaseous exchange
The process where oxygen moves into the blood and carbon dioxide moves out of the blood.
Haemoglobin
The protein found in red blood cells that transports oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Oxyhaemoglobin
A chemical formed when haemoglobin bonds to oxygen
Alveoli
Small air sacks in the lungs where gas exchange takes place.
Capillaries
Microscopic blood vessels that allow for gaseous exchange.
Diffusion Pathway
The distance traveled during diffusion.
Inhalation
The process of breathing in. The diaphragm contracts and moves downward, the intercostal muscles contract raising the ribs and pushing out the sternum, making the chest cavity larger.
Exhalation
The process of breathing out. The diaphragm relaxes, moves back into a dome shape, the intercostal muscles relax, lowering the ribs and dropping the sternum, making the chest cavity smaller.
Spirometer Trace
A measurement of lung capacity using a spirometer.
Tidal volume
The normal amount of air inhaled or exhaled per breath.
Expiratory reserve volume
The amount of air that can be forced out after normal expiration.
Inspiratory reserve volume
The amount of air that can be forced in after normal inspiration.
Residual volume
The amount of air that remains in the lungs after maximal expiration.
Pulse
The rhythmic throbbing felt as arteries pump blood around the body.
Backflow
The flowing backwards of blood prevented by valves in the veins.
Diastole
The phase of the heartbeat when the chambers of the heart relax and fill with blood.
Systole
The phase of the heartbeat when the chambers of the heart contract and empty of blood.
Cardiac cycle
One cycle of diastole and systole.
Arteries
Blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart under high pressure.
Veins
Blood vessels that carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart.
Capillaries
Microscopic blood vessels that link arteries to veins and allow for gaseous exchange.
Deoxygenated blood
Blood that is low in oxygen.
Oxygenated blood
Blood that is high in oxygen.
Contract
When the heart muscles tighten and squeeze, pushing blood out of the heart.
Ejected
The process of blood being forced out of the heart during contraction.
Cardiac Cycle
One complete cycle of the heart's contraction and relaxation.
Blood Pressure
The force exerted by the blood against the walls of the blood vessels.
Systolic Pressure
The pressure of the blood when the heart contracts and ejects blood.
Diastolic Pressure
The pressure of the blood when the heart relaxes and fills with blood.
Redistribution of Blood
The movement of blood to different parts of the body during exercise.
Heart Rate
The number of times the heart beats in one minute.
Stroke Volume
The amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle with each heartbeat.
Cardiac Output
The total volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute.
Aerobic Exercise
Exercise performed at a low to moderate intensity, allowing the body to use oxygen for energy production.
Anaerobic Exercise
Exercise performed at a high intensity without enough oxygen for energy production.
Excess Post-exercise Oxygen Consumption (EPOC)
The amount of oxygen needed to recover after exercise.
Cool Down
Gradually reducing the intensity of exercise to help the body recover.
Manipulation of Diet
Making changes to the diet to support exercise performance and recovery.
Immediate Effects of Exercise
Changes that occur in the body during and immediately after exercise.
Short-term Effects of Exercise
Effects that last for 24-36 hours after exercise.
Fatigue
Extreme tiredness due to lactic acid build-up or prolonged exercise.
Long-term Effects of Exercise
Changes that occur in the body after months or years of regular exercise.
Hypertrophy
Enlargement of an organ or tissue caused by an increase in the size of its cells.
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