Chapter 15 & 16: Human Biology Review

These flashcards cover key concepts from Chapter 15 and 16 of Human Biology, focusing on the digestive and urinary systems.

What are the two types of organs in the digestive system?

Gastrointestinal (GI) tract and accessory structures.

What is the function of the esophagus?

Moves food (bolus) to the stomach through peristalsis.

What does the stomach secrete for digestion?

Hydrochloric acid (HCl) and pepsinogen, which converts to pepsin.

Where does most chemical digestion occur?

In the small intestine.

What is chyme?

Liquid food that is released into the small intestine.

What does the liver do regarding blood after it has passed through the small intestine?

Filters and cleans the blood before returning it to circulation.

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

The nephron.

What occurs in the proximal convoluted tubule of the nephron?

Reabsorption of most nutrients and water.

What is the main function of the urinary system?

Maintain water and salt balance and eliminate nitrogenous waste.

What regulates blood volume and concentration of water in urine?

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

What is the role of symbiotic bacteria in the large intestine?

They break down undigested materials and release vitamins.

What role do stretch receptors play in urination?

They signal the parasympathetic nervous system to initiate urination.