Science 10 Flashcards (After Midterms)

5.0(1)
learnLearn
examPractice Test
spaced repetitionSpaced Repetition
heart puzzleMatch
flashcardsFlashcards
Card Sorting

1/194

flashcard set

Earn XP

Description and Tags

All units after midterms

Chemistry

Study Analytics
Name
Mastery
Learn
Test
Matching
Spaced

No study sessions yet.

195 Terms

1
New cards

Physical Change

Physical changes do not form new substances . e.g. state change

2
New cards

Chemical Change

Chemical changes form new substances.

3
New cards

Signs of a Chemical Reaction

Precipitate
Gas formed
Color change
Smell
Energy emitted (endothermic, exothermic)
Light, sound emitted

4
New cards

Reactants

The starting substances in a chemical reaction

5
New cards

Products

The substances formed after a chemical reaction

6
New cards

The arrow inbetween a chemical reaction

Means “reacts to form”

7
New cards

Subscripts

Subscripts indicate the number of atoms in each substance.

8
New cards

Coefficients

Coefficients are used to balance the equation.

9
New cards

What happens in a chemical reaction?

In every chemical reaction, the atoms get rearranged and we form new substances with unique properties.
Breaking bonds is endothermic

10
New cards

Endothermic

An endothermic change transfers energy from the surroundings. It will cause the surrounding temperature to decrease.

11
New cards

Exothermic

An exothermic change transfers energy to the surroundings. It will cause the surrounding temperature to increase.
Forming bonds is exothermic

12
New cards

Law of Conservation of Mass

The law of conservation of mass states that in a chemical reaction, the total mass of reactants is equal to the total mass of the products.
Mass is also conserved in physical changes.
The law of conservation of mass states that no atoms are lost or made during a chemical reaction so the mass of the product equals the mass of the reactants.
Chemical equations are balanced in terms of the numbers of atoms of each element on both sides of the equation.

13
New cards

A balanced chemical equation shows:

The formula of the reactant and product.
How the atoms are rearranged.
The relative amounts of reactants and products.

14
New cards

Steps to write a balanced equation:

Write the chemical symbol or formula for each reactant and product. Reactants go to the left of the arrow and products to the right.
The arrow must point from the reactants to the products.
Balance the equation. There must be the same number of atoms of each element on each side of the equation.

15
New cards

IMPORTANT THINGS TO REMEMBER WHEN WRITING BALANCED EQUATIONS…

Diatomic elements are written as molecules:
I2, Br2, Cl2, F2, O2, N2, H2, P4, S8
When these form ions, they no longer exist as molecules! They form anions and combine with a cation to form an ionic compound.
We observe the law of conservation of mass by balancing equations using coefficients not by changing subscripts.
The state of all substances must be listed.
Ionic compounds are solids at room temperature.
If the reaction is occurring in water/solution, then an ionic compound will be aqueous (aq) or solid (s) - check your solubility table!
The state of a pure element is indicated by the colour on your periodic table.
In combustion reactions, CO2 and H2O are both formed as gases.

16
New cards

Five Types of Reactions

Formation (Synthesis)
Decomposition
Single Replacement
Double Replacement
Hydrocarbon Combustion

17
New cards

Formation (Synthesis) Reaction

In a formation or synthesis reaction, two or more simple substances combine to form a more complex product.
The reactants may be elements or compounds, while the product is always a compound.
General formula:
element + element → compound
A + B → AB

18
New cards

Decomposition

In a decomposition reaction, there is one reactant, but two (or more) products.
The starting compound is the reactant. It breaks down into simpler substances, which could be elements or simple compounds.
General Formula:
compound → element + element (or compounds)
AB → A + B

19
New cards

Single replacement

In a single replacement reaction (also called single displacement) one element is substituted for another element in a compound.
The starting materials are always a pure element and a compound (usually aq!).
A new compound and a different pure element will be formed as products.
General Formula:
element + compound → new compound + different element
AB + C → AC + B

20
New cards

Double Replacement

In double replacement reactions (also called double displacement), parts of two ionic compounds are exchanged, making two new compounds.
General Formula:
AB + CD → AD + CB*
*A and C are cations, B and D are anions

21
New cards

Hydrocarbon Combustion

Hydrocarbons are molecules made of hydrogen and carbon.
They are the main component of fossil fuels.
In a hydrocarbon combustion reaction, a hydrocarbon reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water vapour.
General Formula:
hydrocarbon + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water
CxHy + O2(g) → CO2(g) + H2O(g)

22
New cards

The Greenhouse Effect

The natural greenhouse effect is the absorption of thermal energy by the atmosphere.
Without the natural greenhouse effect, the average temperature on Earth would be about 33°C lower.
Greenhouse gases are gases that contribute to the greenhouse effect are water vapour, CO2, CH4, N2O

23
New cards

The Enhanced Greenhouse Effect

The enhanced greenhouse effect is caused by human activities that increase concentrations of greenhouse gases (e.g. CO2 & CH4) in the atmosphere.
This causes more heat to be trapped, leading to climate change.

24
New cards

What are chemical amounts measured in?

Moles

25
New cards

The symbol for moles is _

n

26
New cards

The unit for moles is ___

mol

27
New cards

Avogadro’s number/constant

The number of atoms, molecules or ions in a mole of a given substance

28
New cards

What is Avogadro’s number?

6.02 x 10²³ per mole.

29
New cards

Molar Mass

The mass of one mole of something

30
New cards

Atomic Molar Mass for elements

The average mass (in grams) of one mole of atoms of that element.

31
New cards

Units of molar mass

g/mol

32
New cards

The number of moles of a substance is related to its molar mass by the equation:

amount(n) = mass(m) / molar mass(M)

33
New cards

(True of False): Every substance has a unique specific heat capacity

True

34
New cards

Specific heat capacity

This is the amount of energy (in J) required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of the substance by 1°C (Units are J/g °C).

35
New cards

When thermal energy is absorbed by a substance, the temperature increase depends on:

The mass of the substance heated
The type of material
The amount of energy put in to the system

36
New cards

If a substance has a low specific heat capacity, it heats up and cools down

Quickly (It takes less energy to change its temperature)

37
New cards

If a substance has a high specific heat capacity, it heats up and cools down _

Slowly (It takes more energy to change its temperature)

38
New cards

Water has a very ___ specific heat capacity

high

39
New cards

How does the specific heat capacity of water impact climates across the world?

Regions with little water tend to heat and cool more rapidly than regions at similar latitudes with a lot of water.
E.g. Calgary has a more variable air temperature than Vancouver.

40
New cards

Q

The amount of thermal (heat) energy absorbed or released when the temperature of a mass of a substance changes
quantity of thermal energy in J

41
New cards

A device used to determine the transfer of thermal energy.

Calorimeter

42
New cards

(True of False): Energy is required to change the state of a substance

True

43
New cards

Melting/fusion

Solid to liquid (Reverse process is freezing: liquid to solid)

44
New cards

Vapourisation/boiling

Liquid to gas (Reverse process is condensation: gas to liquid)

45
New cards

Sublimation

Solid to gas

46
New cards

Deposition

Gas to solid

47
New cards

Heat of fusion (Hfus)

The amount of energy required to change 1 mole of a substance from solid to liquid without a temperature change.
The reverse is known as heat of solidification
Hfus = Q/n

48
New cards

Heat of vaporization (Hvap )

The amount of energy required to change 1 mole of a substance from liquid to gas without a temperature change.
The reverse is known as heat of condensation
Hvap = Q/n

49
New cards

Conduction

Transfer of thermal energy through direct contact between
the particles of a substance
Usually occurs in solids

50
New cards

Convection

Transfer of thermal energy through the movement of
particles flowing from one place to another forming a
current
Usually occurs in liquids and gases

51
New cards

Radiation

Emission of energy through particles or waves.
Any substance at a higher temperature than its surroundings
will emit radiant energy
Can occur in a vacuum

52
New cards

How is thermal energy transferred in the atmosphere?

Thermal energy moves from an area of high temperature to an area of low temperature.
Occurs either by convection or conduction

53
New cards

How is energy transferred in the biosphere?

Almost all of the energy on Earth comes from the Sun (solar energy)
Solar energy is radiant energy transmitted as
electromagnetic radiation (EMR) waves at
different wavelengths.
thermal energy – infrared waves
visible light – as detected by eyes
UV light – ultra violet waves
Wavelength is a property of the wave that is
useful for determining the quantity of energy a
wave transfers

54
New cards

Insolation

Insolation refers to the quantity of solar energy received by a area of land

55
New cards

Factors that affect insolation

Angle of Inclination
Angle of Incidence
Cloud cover & Atmospheric Dust
Albedo

56
New cards

Angle of inclination

Angle of inclination refers to the degree that the Earth’s poles are tilted against the Earth’s orbit.
Earth has an angle of inclination of 23.5°

57
New cards

What does the angle of inclination affect?

The angle of inclination causes variation in the seasons and the number of hours of daylight at different latitudes.
At more northern latitudes, there are more hours of daylight as the North Pole becomes tilted toward the Sun.

58
New cards

Latitude

Latitude refers to the imaginary lines that run parallel to the equator which is at latitude 0°.

59
New cards

Solstice

A solstice is one of the two points in Earth’s orbit at which the poles are the most tilted toward or away from the Sun.

60
New cards

Equinox

An equinox is one of 2 points in Earth’s orbit when the number of daylight hours is equal to the number of hours at night.

61
New cards

How much variance in daylight do regions at the equator face?

Very small variations in daylight.

62
New cards

Angle of incidence

Angle of incidence is the angle between a ray falling from the surface and the line that is perpendicular to that surface.

63
New cards

As you get closer to the poles, the angle of incidence

Increases

64
New cards

What happens when radiation hit the earth at larger angles of incidence?

The same amount of radiation is spread over a larger surface area

65
New cards

What is the difference in latitudes closer to the poles versus latitudes closer to the equator in terms of solar energy per square kilometer

Latitudes closer to the poles receive less solar energy per square kilometer than latitudes closer to the equator.
This is why the equators are intrinsically hotter than the poles

66
New cards

What is found in the troposphere that impacts the albedo effect?

Clouds and atmospheric dust (and aerosols)

67
New cards

What do clouds and atmospheric dust do to solar radiation?

Clouds and atmospheric dust reflect some solar radiation.
They also absorb energy emitted from the surface of the Earth which helps to warm the planet.

68
New cards

Aerosols (not in curriculum)

Aerosols are small particles that are suspended in the air
They stimulate cloud growth however the clouds that form on them have smaller droplets
This makes the clouds rain less
This also helps reflect more sunlight so this gives aerosols a cooling property

69
New cards

Albedo

The albedo of a surface is the percent of solar radiation that it reflects.
Light coloured, shiny surfaces such as snow, reflect more solar energy than darker, duller surfaces such as forests.
The average albedo for Earth’s surface is 30% but it varies with surface features, seasons, cloud cover and atmospheric dust.

70
New cards

Atmospheric pressure

Atmospheric pressure is the pressure exerted by the mass of air above any
point on Earth’s surface
Warm air is less dense and exerts less pressure than cool air.

71
New cards

Wind

Wind is the movement of cool air from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure.

72
New cards

The Coriolis Effect

The Coriolis effect is the deflection of any object from a straight line path by the rotation of Earth.
This causes the moving wind to turn:
Right in the Northern Hemisphere
Left in the Southern Hemisphere

73
New cards

What do convection currents in the atmosphere and the Coriolis Effect do to thermal energy transfer?

The convection currents in the atmosphere along with the Coriolis effect result in global wind patterns that transfer thermal energy from areas of net radiation budget surplus to areas of net radiation budget deficit.

74
New cards

Jet Streams

A jet stream is a band of fast moving air in the stratosphere
Because of the high altitude they are not subject to friction resulting from the Earth’s surface and the density of the
troposphere.
Speed and temperature vary with the amount of thermal energy in the atmosphere.
Changes in the jet streams affect the formation of severe weather events.

75
New cards

What do global winds do?

The hydrosphere transfers thermal energy from the warmer latitudes near the equator to cooler areas near the poles through global winds.

76
New cards

How are ocean currents modified by the Coriolis Effect?

Ocean currents are modified by the Coriolis Effect so that in the Northern Hemisphere, currents are driven clockwise; Southern Hemisphere is counterclockwise

77
New cards

How is thermal energy transferred vertically?

Through convection currents
Example:
The density of water decreases when its
temperature increases, so warm water tends to
rise.
Warmer water particles move faster so they are spread apart more and become more dense because of that
Cooler water is more dense so it tends to sink.
Water has a high specific heat capacity and sand/
soil has a lower specific heat capacity

78
New cards

Scalar Quantity

A scalar quantity can be described by a single number or magnitude only.
Eg. A car travels 25 km
Some scalar quantities: Speed, mass, time, temperature, energy, distance

79
New cards

Vector Quantity

A vector quantity deals inherently with both magnitude (a number with units) and
direction.
Eg. A car travels 25 km [East]
Some vector quantities: acceleration, velocity, weight, force, friction, displacement

80
New cards

Unicellular

Organism with only one cell

81
New cards

Multicellular

Organism with multiple cells

82
New cards

Properties of unicellular organisms

Limited by surface area to volume ratio
One cell has to perform all the physiological needs
Short lifespan

83
New cards

Properties of multicellular organisms

Increased surface area overall
Specialized cells for each function
Longer lifespan

84
New cards

Levels of organization in an organism

Cell→Tissue→Organ→Organ system→Organism
All cells in an organism have the same DNA, but each cell turns on specific genes to preform a special function

85
New cards

Cell

The smallest unit of life that is responsible for all of life’s processes

86
New cards

Tissue

Groups of similar cells that perform a specific function

87
New cards

Organ

Group of tissues that work together to perform a specific function

88
New cards

Organ System

A set of organs or parts that performs one or more functions as a unit

89
New cards

The Two Plant Organ Systems

Shoot system
Root system

90
New cards

Shoot System

all parts above ground
tubers (swollen stem that stores food – below ground)
The shoot system consists of stems and leaves, in which photosynthesis takes place

91
New cards

Root System

All roots underground
Aerial roots above ground
The root system anchors the plant and provides water and nutrients for the shoot system

92
New cards

Types of Plant Tissue

Dermal
protection
Ground
photosynthesis & storage
Vascular
transport
Meristematic
cell division (mitosis)

93
New cards

Dermal Tissue (Epidermis) ~ Skin

Location: outer layer of cells
Function:
Protection
Exchange of matter and gases into and out of plant
Leaves & Stem → produces a waxy cuticle to limit water loss
Root → has microscopic root hairs dermal cells to increase water and mineral salt absorption from soil (osmosis)

94
New cards

Ground Tissue

Location: layer beneath the epidermis
makes up majority of plant
Function:
Leaves → where photosynthesis happens
Palisade tissue – tightly packed
Spongy mesophyll tissue – loosely packed
Stem → strength & support
Roots → food and water storage

95
New cards

Vascular Tissue

Location: Center of the plants (looks like long tubes/straws)
Function
Transports water and minerals up from roots
Transports sugars and other nutrients down from the leaves (and up from the roots)
Xylem Tissue:
transport water and minerals thick walls
dead at maturity
Phloem Tissue:
transport sugars, nutrients
living at maturity
→ both cell types are stacked to form long tubes

96
New cards

Xylem Tissue

Xylem → Water (& mineral) Transport
Xi High
cylindrical, elongated cells
thick walls filled with cellulose and lignin
as cells mature, they fuse together and the walls at each end become perforated
the contents of the cytoplasm breaks down and cell dies
dead at maturity
overlap one another at the ends to form continuous tubes from root to shoot (like a long straw)

97
New cards

Phloem Tissue

Sugar transport
Phlo Low
Sieve Tube Elements: a phloem cell with pores in its side cell walls and a sieve plate at the end walls;
sieve tube elements remain alive BUT lack organelles and depend on associated companion cells
Companion Cells = small, nucleated phloem cell that is always associated with a sieve tube element

98
New cards

Meristematic Tissue

Meristem = tissue consisting of dividing (via mitosis) undifferentiated cells found in areas of the plant where growth can take place
Differentiation = a change in the form of a cell, tissue or organ to allow it to carry
out a particular function
Apical meristem = a meristem located at any growing tip of shoots or roots, which contribute to increase in the length of plant tissue

99
New cards

Internal Leaf Structure: Mesophyll

The photosynthetic middle layer of cells in the leaf
Cells that contain the chloroplasts

100
New cards

Internal Leaf Structure: Palisade Mesophyll

Layer of elongated photosynthetic cells arranged in columns under the upper surface of a leaf
Maximum sunlight absorption