CH 12 & 14 PSY 110

Correlation

A statistical technique used to measure and describe the relationship between two variables without manipulation.

Positive Correlation

A relationship where both variables move in the same direction, indicating that as one increases, the other also increases.

Negative Correlation

A relationship where the variables move in opposite directions, indicating that as one increases, the other decreases.

Pearson Correlation

A measure of the degree and direction of the linear relationship between two continuous variables.

Correlation Value Range

The value of correlation ranges from -1.00 to +1.00, where -1 is a perfect negative correlation, 1 is a perfect positive correlation, and 0 indicates no correlation.

Hypothesis Testing in Correlation

Utilizes null hypothesis H0: ρ = 0 (no correlation) and alternative hypothesis H1: ρ ≠ 0 (there is a correlation).

Coefficient of Determination (r²)

The proportion of variability in one variable that can be explained by the relationship with the other variable.

Point-Biserial Correlation

A correlation used when assessing the relationship between a continuous variable and a dichotomous variable.

Spearman Correlation

A measure used to assess the relationship between two variables measured on an ordinal scale, not necessarily linear.

ANOVA

A statistical procedure used to evaluate differences between two or more treatments or groups.

F-ratio

The test statistic for ANOVA, formed by the variance between treatments divided by the variance within treatments.

Mean Squares (MS)

A variance estimate calculated by dividing the Sums of Squares (SS) by their respective degrees of freedom.

Homogeneity of Variance

An assumption of ANOVA stating that populations from which samples are selected must have equal variances.