AP HUG Chapter 3

Migration changes….

both the places migrants leave and go

Migration creates…

paths of connections and networks

Migration increases…

spatial interaction and speeds up the diffusion of ideas and innovations

Cyclic Movement

leaving home for a defined amount of time and returning home

scale varies by age gender

Migration

movement from a home location to a new place with an intent to stay in the new place permanently

Examples of cyclic movement

• daily routine movements

• home to work

• work to errands

• errands to home

Seasonal Movement

when people move to places to get out of the cold

ex: Snowbirds

pastoralism

happens when herders move livestock throughout the year to continually find fresh water and green pastors

Pastoralism is a…

sustainable form of agriculture in dry lands

transhumance

specialized form of pastoralism practiced in mountain areas when ranchers move livestock vertically to graze on highlands during summer months and lowlands during winter months

Migration is a major source of….

relocation diffusion

Migrants take their…

cultural, values, and practices to their new locations

International Migration

the movement across country borders

emigrants

migrants who enter a new countyr

immigrants

migrants who enter a new country

net migration

the difference between immigration and emigration

Net Migration shows…

political, economic, and cultural causes and effects

Major Migration Paths

1. Northern & western Europe to north America

2. Southern Europe to south & central America

3. Britain & Ireland to Africa & Australia

Major Forced Migration Paths

1. enslaved Africans from Africa to the Americas

2. indentured laborers from South Asia to Eastern Africa, Southeast Asia, & Caribbean America

What are the biggest incentives for international migration?

safety and economic opportunities

refugees

migrants fleeing violence and persecution to find safety

remittances

the funds migrants who migrate to a better economic country send to their family in their home country

Remittances can account for…

a large part of a country’s economy

guest workers

migrants who were invited into a country to work temporarily

Where do guest workers commonly work?

in agriculture or service industries

When are guest workers used?

when countries have a low labor supply

Islands of Development

describes cities in developing countries where foreign and domestic investment and job prospects are concentrated

Where do jobs and infrastructure concentrate in low-income countries?

cities

Internal Migration

when migrants stay in the same country but move to a different part

can be rapid or a slow shift over history

The Great Migration

• 1900-1970

• a significant period of internal migration in the US

• response to the law in the south after the Civil War

What is the Rust Belt?

• the Midwest and Northeast

• a region that once had a vibrant manufacturing sector but is now deindustrialized

What is the Sun Belt?

a region of economic growth with an expanding technology-based service sector and a stable manufacturing sector

southern US → Virginia to California

People move from areas in economic decline to…

areas that are growing

Studies found that as a group, ____ are more mobile than ___ & migrate farther

men

women

voluntary migration

migrants who have the option where they can go

forced migration

migrants who don’t have the option where they can go

Historic Forced Migrations

• the Atlantic slave trade

• forced removal of american indians

Modern Slavery example

• sex trafficking

• forced labor

• bonded or debt bondage labor

• involuntary domestic servitude

• forced child labor

• recruitment of child laborers

modern slavery

refers to situations of exploitations in that a person can not refuse or leave because of threats, violence, coercion, deception, and or abuse of power

human trafficking

the recruitment of people by force, coercion deception, or abduction with the aim of controlling and exploiting the person for labor or sexual exploitation

gulags

prison labor camps

The laws of migration created by Ernst Regenstein

1. every migration flow generates a return or counter-migration

2. most migrants move a short distance

3. migrants who move longer distances tend to choose big-city destinations

4. Urban residents are less migratory than people in rural areas

5. families are less likely to make international moves than young adults

What did Ernst Ravenstien believe?

the numbers of migrants who go to a destination declines as the distance they must travel increases

gravity model

a mathematical prediction of the degree of interaction and probability of migration between two places is based on population size and the distance between them

pull factor

what attracts a migrant to a certain destination

push factor

the conditions that help a migrant decide to leave a place

Push Factor Examples

• work

• retirement conditions

• cost of living

• personal safety & security

• environment catastrophes

• hazards

• weather/climate

Pull Factor Examples

vague and depend on perspective

intervening opportunity

an opportunity near a migrant’s current location that greatly diminishes the attractiveness of migrating to a site further away

coyotes

people who smuggle people across borders for a fee

Opportunities for jobs and personal safety in a destination country depend on…

gender, ethnicity, and race

Chain migration

migrants pull to places where family and friends have already found success

The UN Declaration of Human Rights guarantees the right to asylum for refugees to….

be protected and to temporarily stay in a country other than their home country

asylum seekers

people who have left their country when they are experiencing persecution and human rights violations and are seeking protection in another country but have not been legally recognized as refugees

Refugees move to close countries that are

close to their home country

internally displaced persons

people who left their homes but remain in their own country

What percent of the world is in a state of displacement?

8.6%

Changes in a country’s migration polices can be seen in the…

number of immigrants and the origin of immigrants over time

Obstacles placed in the way of potential migrants are..

legal

isolationism

a policy that favors staying out of entanglements abroad

Bracero Program

a program passed when US needed labor during WWII and invited Mexicans to come to the US and work in agriculture

Since September 11, government immigration policies have been focused on..

security conerns

Before September 11, government immigration polices focused on…

drug and human trafficking

maternal mortality rate

the annual number of female deaths per 100,000 live births from any cause related to pregnancy

Push and pull factors can be..

economic, social, political, or environmental

intervening obstacle

a negative circumstance or feature that hinders migration

intervening opportunity

a positive circumstance or feature that hinders migration

interregional migration

movement from one region to another

intraregional migration

movement within a region