Chemistry Exam 1

Alkali Metals

group 1

Alkaline-Earth Metals

Group 2

Transition Metals

Groups 3-12

Halogens

Group 17 elements that are highly reactive nonmetals

Noble gases

Group 18

metalloids

“Boring Silly Geeks Always Sit Together” —> Boron, Silicon, Germanium, Asenic, Sbantium, Tellurium

metals

everything to the left of the metalloids besides Hyrdogen, lanthanides, actinides

nonmetals

noble gases, anything to the right of the metalloids

traits of metals

shiny solids, conduct heat and electricity, are malleable and ductile

traits of nonmetals

solids (brittle), liquids and gases, nonconductors

traits of metalloids

shiny solids, brittle, semiconductors

What is the Pauli Exclusion Principle?

No two electrons in an atom can have the same values of their four quantum numbers 

Hund’s Rule

If two or more orbitals with the same energy are available, one electron goes in each until all are half full. The electrons in the half-filled orbitals all have the same value of their spin quantum number. 

Aufbau Principle

• -Energy increasing in the order: 1s <  2s  <  2p  <  3s  <  3p  < 4s < 3d < 4p

• -Lower energy orbitals fill before higher energy orbitals. 

What happens to the gap between one orbital and another with increasing energy?

It decreases (as you move farther out from the nucleus).

What is the special electron configuration for Cr?

[Ar]3d⁵4s¹

What is the special electron configuration for Cu?

[Ar]3d¹⁰4s¹

Mega

10^6

Kilo

10³

Deci

10^-1

Centi

10^-2

Milli

10^-3

Micro

10^-6

Nano

10^-9

Celcius to Kelvin Conversion

C + 273 = Kelvin

Density (p)

m/v

How to calculate atomic mass:

Multiply the natural abundance of each isotope by the atomic mass, and then summing up all of those totals.

Higher energy and frequency (gamma rays, X-rays, UV light) means…

shorter wavelength

What is the shape and l correspondence of the s orbital?

A sphere, l = 0

What is the shape and l correspondence of the p orbital?

Two lobes, corresponds to l = 1

What is the shape and l correspondence of the d orbital?

Four leaf clover or figure 8 with donut, corresponds to l = 2

What is precision?

the closeness of repeating measurements to one another

What is accuracy?

how close a measurement or calculated value is to the true or accepted value of a substance or reaction

“N” is…

the shell distance from core (# of energy levels)

What is “A” in the isotopic form?

The atomic mass (# protons + # neutrons)

What is Q in isotopic form?

Charge (protons - electrons)

What is Z in isotopic form?

The atomic number of protons.

How does a compound differ from a mixture?

A compound is when different colors or types of atoms are bonded together in the same, repeating combos of particles (ex. all black and yellow pairs). A mixture is when different substances are mixed together, and are non-repeating (ex. having one black + black pair, one yellow-black pair, one yellow-yellow pair).

Which type of radiation has the longest wavelength?

Red (longest, least energy) → purple (shortest, most energy)

endothermic reaction

absorbs heat from surroundings

exothermic reactions

releases energy to surroundings

anomalous

for example, chromium or copper that need to be donated an electron to the d orbitals in order for d to reach the values of 5 or 10. IT LOWERS THE OVERALL ENERGY, electrons always organize themselves in the lowest overall energy to be more stable.

paramatic?

at least one unpaired electron