unit 3 booklet 1 glossary

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46 Terms

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cell membrane

A cell structure that controls which substances can enter or leave the cell.

<p>A cell structure that controls which substances can enter or leave the cell.</p>
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Golgi complex

a cell organelle that helps make and package materials to be transported out of the cell

<p>a cell organelle that helps make and package materials to be transported out of the cell</p>
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Lysosomes

cell organelle filled with enzymes needed to break down certain materials in the cell

<p>cell organelle filled with enzymes needed to break down certain materials in the cell</p>
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Prokaryote

A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

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Eukaryote

A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

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Ribosomes

site of protein synthesis

<p>site of protein synthesis</p>
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vesicle

Small membrane-bound sac that functions in moving products into, out of, and within a cell.

<p>Small membrane-bound sac that functions in moving products into, out of, and within a cell.</p>
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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

System of internal membranes within the cytoplasm. Membranes are rough due to the presence of ribosomes. functions in transport of substances such as proteins within the cytoplasm

<p>System of internal membranes within the cytoplasm. Membranes are rough due to the presence of ribosomes. functions in transport of substances such as proteins within the cytoplasm</p>
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Nucleus

A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction

<p>A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction</p>
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Nucleolus

Found inside the nucleus and produces ribosomes

<p>Found inside the nucleus and produces ribosomes</p>
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cell wall

A rigid layer of nonliving material that surrounds the cells of plants and some other organisms.

<p>A rigid layer of nonliving material that surrounds the cells of plants and some other organisms.</p>
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Vacuole

Cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates

<p>Cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates</p>
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cytoplasm

A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended

<p>A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended</p>
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Cytosol

The soluble portion of the cytoplasm, which includes molecules and small particles, such as ribosomes, but not the organelles covered with membranes.

<p>The soluble portion of the cytoplasm, which includes molecules and small particles, such as ribosomes, but not the organelles covered with membranes.</p>
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Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production

<p>Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production</p>
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plasma membrane

A selectively-permeable phospholipid bilayer forming the boundary of the cells

<p>A selectively-permeable phospholipid bilayer forming the boundary of the cells</p>
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Hydrophilic

Attracted to water

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Hydrophobic

Having an aversion to water; tending to coalesce and form droplets in water.

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protein channels

proteins in the membrane whose role it is to pass molecules that cannot go through the membrane

<p>proteins in the membrane whose role it is to pass molecules that cannot go through the membrane</p>
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bulk transport

The process by which large particles and macromolecules are transported through plasma membranes. Inc. exocytosis and endocytosis

<p>The process by which large particles and macromolecules are transported through plasma membranes. Inc. exocytosis and endocytosis</p>
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Endocytosis

process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane

<p>process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane</p>
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Exocytosis

a process by which the contents of a cell vacuole are released to the exterior through fusion of the vacuole membrane with the cell membrane.

<p>a process by which the contents of a cell vacuole are released to the exterior through fusion of the vacuole membrane with the cell membrane.</p>
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Phagocytosis

A type of endocytosis in which a cell engulfs large particles or whole cells

<p>A type of endocytosis in which a cell engulfs large particles or whole cells</p>
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Monomer

A simple compound whose molecules can join together to form polymers

<p>A simple compound whose molecules can join together to form polymers</p>
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Polymer

A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together.

<p>A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together.</p>
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Nucleotide

monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

<p>monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base</p>
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amino acids

a simple organic compound containing both a carboxyl (—COOH) and an amino (—NH2) group.

<p>a simple organic compound containing both a carboxyl (—COOH) and an amino (—NH2) group.</p>
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peptide bond

The chemical bond that forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid

<p>The chemical bond that forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid</p>
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Protein

An organic compound that is made of one or more chains of amino acids and that is a principal component of all cells

<p>An organic compound that is made of one or more chains of amino acids and that is a principal component of all cells</p>
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Polypeptide

A polymer (chain) of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.

<p>A polymer (chain) of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.</p>
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primary structure

The first level of protein structure; the specific sequence of amino acids making up a polypeptide chain.

<p>The first level of protein structure; the specific sequence of amino acids making up a polypeptide chain.</p>
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secondary structure

The second level of protein structure; the regular local patterns of coils or folds of a polypeptide chain.

<p>The second level of protein structure; the regular local patterns of coils or folds of a polypeptide chain.</p>
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alpha helix

A spiral shape constituting one form of the secondary structure of proteins, arising from a specific hydrogen-bonding structure.

<p>A spiral shape constituting one form of the secondary structure of proteins, arising from a specific hydrogen-bonding structure.</p>
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beta pleated sheet

One form of the secondary structure of proteins in which the polypeptide chain folds back and forth, or where two regions of the chain lie parallel to each other and are held together by hydrogen bonds.

<p>One form of the secondary structure of proteins in which the polypeptide chain folds back and forth, or where two regions of the chain lie parallel to each other and are held together by hydrogen bonds.</p>
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hydrogen bond

A type of weak chemical bond formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule.

<p>A type of weak chemical bond formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule.</p>
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tertiary structure

The third level of protein structure; the overall, three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide due to interactions of the R groups of the amino acids making up the chain.

<p>The third level of protein structure; the overall, three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide due to interactions of the R groups of the amino acids making up the chain.</p>
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disulfide bridges

A strong covalent bond formed when the sulfur of one cysteine monomer bonds to the sulfur of another cysteine monomer.

<p>A strong covalent bond formed when the sulfur of one cysteine monomer bonds to the sulfur of another cysteine monomer.</p>
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quaternary structure

The fourth level of protein structure; the shape resulting from the association of two or more polypeptide subunits.

<p>The fourth level of protein structure; the shape resulting from the association of two or more polypeptide subunits.</p>
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DNA

A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes.

<p>A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes.</p>
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RNA

A single-stranded nucleic acid that passes along genetic messages

<p>A single-stranded nucleic acid that passes along genetic messages</p>
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nucleic acids

macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus

<p>macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus</p>
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nucleotide

monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

<p>monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base</p>
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mRNA

messenger RNA; type of RNA that carries instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome

<p>messenger RNA; type of RNA that carries instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome</p>
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tRNA

transfer RNA; type of RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosome

<p>transfer RNA; type of RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosome</p>
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rRNA

ribosomal RNA; type of RNA that makes up part of the ribosome

<p>ribosomal RNA; type of RNA that makes up part of the ribosome</p>
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Codon

A specific sequence of three adjacent bases on a strand of DNA or RNA that provides genetic code information for a particular amino acid

<p>A specific sequence of three adjacent bases on a strand of DNA or RNA that provides genetic code information for a particular amino acid</p>