Chapter 2: States of Matter Related to Pharm Forms

Which force refers to pulling to and goes from negative to positive?

Attraction

What type of forces are cohesive and adhesive forces?

London forces

What force operates over a greater distance

Attractive

What force has long range attractive components of intermolecular forces and is significant when the overlap of electron cloud is small?

Attractive

Which forces refers to pushing away and goes from positive to negative?

Repulsive

What force is proportional to an exponential relationship with the reciprocal of the distance separating the molecules?

Repulsive

What short range force operates when the molecules are close together and the electron clouds interact?

Repulsive

What is another term for dipole-dipole forces

Keesom forces

What force interaction has a partial positive and negative charged end?

Dipole-Dipole Forces

What force range of energy attraction range from 1-7 kcal/mole

Dipole-dipole forces

Water, alcohol, acetone, phenol and hydrochloric acid are posses what permanent type of force

Dipole-dipole forces

What is another term for dipole-induced dipole forces

Debye forces

What is another term for induced dipole-induced or dispersion forces

London forces

What is a polar molecule that can produce a temporary electric dipole in nonpolar molecules ?

Dipole-induced dipole

What forces is easily polarized

Dipole-induced dipole

What force ranges of energy attraction is 1-3 kcal/mole

Dipole-induced dipole

Ethylacetate, methylene, chloride and ether are easily polarized molecules of what force

Dipole-induced dipole

What type of force does polar organic solvents have?

Dipole-induced dipole

What force if attraction is induced by the close proximity of a charged ion to the nonpolar molecule

Ion-induced dipole

Which bond is a specific type of electrostatic attraction between molecules and part of molecules

Hydrogen bond

Which bond is uniquely a strong type of dipole-dipole interaction

Hydrogen bond

What bond can be intermolecular and intramolecular

Hydrogen bond

What can form an electrostatic bond

Hydrogen

What bond is partly covalent in nature

Hydrogen bond

What occurs when polar molecules possessing permanent dipoles

Dipole-Dipole forces/ Keesom foces

What force originates from molecular internal vibrations in nonpolar molecules

Dispersion/ London forces

What force is produced by the asymmetry in the distribution of the electrons around the nucleus ?

Disperson

What force is responsible for the change in phase from liquid to gas

Dispersion

What forces are temporary

Dispersion

What force is found in aliphatic regions of lipid bilayers

Disperson

What force range of energy attraction is 0.5-1 kcal/mole

Dispersion

Carbon disulife, carbon tetrachloride and hexane all have what type of force

Disperson

What forces is when molecules that are polar are attracted to either positive or negative charges

Ion dipole forces

What force energy of attraction is about 1-7 kcal/mole

Ion dipole

What force does a quaternary ammonium ion with a tertiary amine have?

Ion dipole

Forces of attraction between nonpolar atoms and molecules in water

Hydrophobic interactions

What causes nonpolar species to be driven together and are critical for structure and stabilization of many molecules

Hydrophobic Interactions

What includes proteins and aggregates of amphiphiles

Hydrophobic interactions

Solid, liquids and gases are all

States of Matter

Kinectic energy is proportional to

Temperature

What is the Gaseous State Formula

PV=nRT

What state of matter is describes as molecules that have higher kinetic energy that produces rapid motion

Gas

What state of matter is held together by weak molecular forces

Gas

What has no regular shape

Gas

What is capable of filling all available space

Gas

What is compressible

Gas

Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide are both what type of important gases

Blood Gases

What state of matter occupies a definite volume and takes the shape of the container required to hold it

Liquid

What is denser and possess less kinetic energy than gas

Liquid

What is less compressible than gas but is more compressible than solids

Liquid

What has vapor pressure and surface tension

Liquid

What does vapor pressure depend on

Temperature

What is the pressure of saturated vapor above the liquid known as

Equilibrium Vapor Pressure

What is it called when molecules of a liquid possess a range of kinetic energies, often associated with where the molecules are located in the liquid

Vapor pressure

What are the physical properties of liquids

Vapor pressure and surface tension

What is considered two-dimensional

Surface tension

Molecules in the bulk of the liquid are attracted to each other by

Intermolecular forces

What has an unequal distribution of attraction and potentially repulsive forces that is based on the chemical of nature of the phases

Surface Tension

The relationship of surface tension of liquids and temperature are

Linear

The pressure above the liquid is known as

Equilibrium vaporized pressure

The dimensions of surface tension are

dynes * cm-1

What state of matter is characterized as having a fixed shape and being nearly incompressible compared to gases and liquids

Solids

What has strong molecular forces and very little kinetic energy

Solids

What is characterized by shape, particle size, melting and sublimation point

Solids

What has atoms that vibrate in fixed position and has little translational motion

Solids

What type of forms such as tables, are surface energy, hardness, dissolution, elastic properties, compaction and porosity

Solid

What are molecules or atoms that are arranged in repetitious three-dimensional lattice units infinitely throughout the crystal

Crystalline Solids

Polymorphs, hydrates/solvates, salts/cocrystals are what type of solids

Crystalline

Amorphous and amorphous dispersions are what type of solids

Amorphous

What are chemical entities that may exist in more than one crystalline structure

Polymorphs

When a water included in lattice

Hydrate

When a solvent is incorporated into the lattice

Solvate

When a lattice can accommodate other molecules, such as acids and bases, to form salts

Salt crystals

A homogenous multicomponent phase of fixed stoichiometry where the chemical entities are held together in a crystal lattice by intermolecular forces

Cocrystals

When there is no long-range order over many molecular units to produce a lattice or crystalline structure

Amorphous

Large molecules formed by the covalent assembly of smaller molecules into a chain of repeating structural unites

Polymeric

What is the lowest temperature at which the existence of the liquid phase is possible

Eutectic Mixture

What can create problems when one is compounding powders

Eutectic Mixtures

What can result in the number of different chemical reactions depending on the molecule, conditions and other components of dosage forms

Chemical Stability

Oxidation, hydrolysis and cyclization are all examples of

Chemical stability

What is the ability of the solid form to resist change upon standing or under stress conditions

Physical stability

Amorphous, crystalline, hydrates and solvates are undergo what stability

Physical

What is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid equals the atmospheric pressure

Boiling Point