AP HUMAN EXAM!!!

absolute distance

The distance that can be measured with a standard unit length, such as a mile or kilometer.

absolute location

Exact location of a place on the earth described by global coordinates

Access to Education

Access to Education gives women the opportunity to seek work outside the home and become more economically productive

Access to Health Care

access to hospitals, doctors, essential medicine and preventative health care

Access to Services

measure of people's ability to pay for services without financial hardship (health services, infrastructure)

Acculturation

The adoption of cultural traits, such as language, by one group under the influence of another.

Adverse Weather

agricultural production can be affected by high temperatures, drought, flooding, storms, freezes

Affordability

the point at which a person can manage to buy something

African City Model

colonial CBD

traditional CBD

market zone

surrounded by neighborhoods and ethnic neighborhoods

informal satellite townships

African Union (AU)

An organization of African nations pursuing greater political and economic integration across the continent

age structure

Percentage of the population (or number of people of each sex) at each age level in a population.

Agglomeration

Grouping together of many firms from the same industry in a single area for collective or cooperative use of infrastructure and sharing of labor resources.

Agricultural Density

The ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture

Agricultural Innovations

involved the development of new farming methods, such as irrigations, that increased crop yields

agricultural practices

are specific methods which, when applied, create food for consumers or further processing that is safe and wholesome.

Air and Water Quality

A measurement of the pollutants in the air and water; a description of healthiness and safety of the atmosphere.

Antecedent Boundaries

a boundary that was created before the present day cultural landscaped developed

Antinatalist Population Policies

Encourage couples to limit the number of children. Discourage growth through the provision of contraception or abortion or the establishment of disincentives. China is famous for one-child policy in 1980's(forced sterilization or infanticide of female babies).

Aquaculture

Raising marine and freshwater fish in ponds and underwater cages

architecture

Culture reflected in architecture helps create or maintain identity in today's world of globalization and internationalism

Arctic Council

1996

Members include countries with territory in the Arctic

Promotes sustainable development

Dedicated to protecting the regions environment

Area Distortion

The distortion of an area; inaccurate to the actual area; bigger or small, thinner or wider

Arithmetic Density

The total number of people divided by the total land area.

ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations)

An international organization linking together the 10 most important countries of Southeast Asia

Assimilation

the social process of absorbing one cultural group into harmony with another

asylum seeker

a person who has left their home country as a political refugee and is seeking asylum in another.

Autonomous Regions (ARs)

an area of a country that has a degree of autonomy, or has freedom from an external authority

Berlin Conference

A meeting from 1884-1885 at which representatives of European nations agreed on rules colonization of Africa

Bid rent theory

geographical economic theory that refers to how the price and demand on real estate changes as the distance towards the Central Business District (CBD) increases.

Biotechnology

A form of technology that uses living organisms, usually genes, to modify products, to make or modify plants and animals, or to develop other microorganisms for specific purposes.

birth rate

the number of births in a year for every 1,000 people in a population

Blockbusting

A process by which real estate agents convince white property owners to sell their houses at low prices because of fear that persons of color will soon move into the neighborhood

Boomburbs

rapidly growing city that remains essentially suburban in character even as it reaches populations more typical of a large city

Break-of-Bulk Points

A location where transfer is possible from one mode of transportation to another.

Burgess Concentric Zone Model

A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are spatially arranged in a series of rings.

Business and Organizational Decision-Making

an interest in participatory decision making is growing in importance as more and more people with concerns about environmental, land use, natural resource, and

transportation issues believe that those who are impacted by decisions should be a part of the

process

carrying capacity

Largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support

census data

systematically acquiring and recording information about the members of a given population

Central America Hearth

domesticated maize (corn) and later animals such as llamas, alpacas, guinea pigs, and Muscovy ducks

Central Place Theory

A theory that explains the distribution of services, based on the fact that settlements serve as centers of market areas for services; larger settlements are fewer and farther apart than smaller settlements and provide services for a larger number of people who are willing to travel farther.

centrifugal force

a force that divides people and countries

centrifugal force

a force that divides people and countries

centripetal force

An attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state

centripetal force

An attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state

Chain Migration

migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there

Changes in Transportation and Communication

As technology and communication systems improve, the necessity of living in an urban center for work has changed

Changing Diets

MDCs continue their demand for meat, LDCs see an increase in their demand for meat, as well as convenient, processed food.

Changing role of women in society

Women bear fewer children than they used to; more women are becoming educated and seeking work outside the home; many women are equal decision-makers in their households

changing social role of women

In many developing countries, women's roles are narrowly defined as childbearers and unpaid workers at home and in the fields; with education, women can bring income into their households and their value increases

Choke points

strategic setting where narrow waterways or other narrow passages are vulnerable to military blockade disruption

city culture

aspects of life in a city that people enjoy and regard as valuable

climate

the weather conditions prevailing in an area in general or over a long period.

Climate Change

Change in the statistical properties of the climate system when considered over periods of decades

Clustered rural settlement

A rural settlement in which the houses and farm buildings of each family are situated close to each other and fields surround the settlement.

Clustering

growing or situated in a group

Colonialism

Attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory.

Colonialism

Attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory.

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

Commerical Agriculture

a large-scale production of crops for sale, intended for widespread distribution to wholesalers or retail outlets

commodity chain

series of links connecting the many places of production and distribution and resulting in a commodity that is then exchanged on the world market

Community-Supported Agriculture (CSA)

A system in which consumers pay farmers in advance for a share of their yield, usually in the form of weekly deliveries of produce.

Comparative Advantage

the ability to produce a good at a lower opportunity cost than another producer

Complementarity

The actual or potential relationship between two places, usually referring to economic interactions.

consequent boundaries

the boundaries between states are set by ethical differences, especially those based on language and/or religion. Also called Cultural Boundaries.

Conservation Efforts

Human activities that help to keep the natural resources of Earth available and clear of pollution

Contagious Diffusion

The rapid, widespread diffusion of a feature or trend throughout a population.

Contested Boundaries

Boundaries that are disputed for religious, political, or cultural reasons

Contraception

In countries where families have access to family planning, couples give birth to their first child later in life, have fewer children, fewer unintended pregnancies, and have larger intervals between having children

Core Countries

According to world systems theory, the most advanced industrial countries, which take the lion's share of profits in the world economic system.

Core Locations

Locations at various scales that have the most advanced industrial and military technologies, complex manufacturing systems, external political power and influence, and the highest levels of wealth and mass consumption

Creolization

The blending of African, European, and some Amerindian cultural elements into the unique sociocultural systems found in the Caribbean.

crimes against property

crimes that involve theft of money or property belonging to others

criticisms of urban design initiatives

experts in development simply comply with requirements of funding agencies in the development and this top down process may alienate local community members and fail to capture locally significant factors

Critiques of Malthus

Mathematical Form of the Theory Wrong; Failed to foresee the Opening up of New Areas; Population not related to Food Supply but to Total Wealth

Cultural cohesion

The capacity of different national and ethnic groups to make a mutual commitment to live together as citizens of the same state.

cultural convergence

contact and interaction of one culture and another

cultural divergence

the restriction of a culture from outside cultural influences

cultural effects of migration

cultural diversity, demographic shifts, change in culture (language, religion), discrimination, conflict

Cultural Hearth

Locations on Earth's surface where specific cultures first arose.

cultural landscape

the visible imprint of human activity and culture on the landscape

cultural relativism

not judging a culture but trying to understand it on its own terms

Cultural Traits (Custom)

The specific material culture and non-material elements of culture associated with a group; may include food preferences, architecture, land use, etc.

Culture

Beliefs, customs, and traditions of a specific group of people.

Culture

the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next

Cycles of Development

as a city goes through the cycles of development, the population will grow, fall, and grow again

de facto segregation

Segregation resulting from economic or social conditions or personal choice.

death rate

the number of deaths each year per 1,000 people

Decentralization

the location of a significant amount of authority in the lower levels of the organization

defined boundaries

established by a legal document such as a treaty that divides one entity from another (invisible line)

Deforestation

The removal of trees faster than forests can replace themselves.

delimited boundaries

a line drawn on a map to show the limits of a space