AP WHAP Unit 6

What motivated Spain to explore and establish colonies in the Americas?

Spain was motivated by the desire for territorial expansion, wealth, and the spread of Christianity, which shaped their treatment of Indigenous peoples.

What is the Reconquista and when did it end?

The Reconquista was the Christian reconquest of the Iberian Peninsula from Muslim rule, ending in 1492.

What significant event occurred in 1492 related to Spain's exploration?

Columbus reached America, marking the beginning of Spanish colonization in the New World.

What is colonialism?

Colonialism is the process of a country spreading its population to build new settlements or outposts in distant lands, often impacting native populations.

What are Settler Colonies?

Settler Colonies are designed to create large settlements and cities for colonizers.

What are Extraction Colonies?

Extraction Colonies are designed to extract resources for the economy of the mother country, often relying on slave labor.

What was the Columbian Exchange?

The Columbian Exchange was the exchange of resources, food, and animals between the New and Old Worlds following Spanish colonization.

What was The Great Dying?

The Great Dying refers to the significant decline in the Native American population due to disease after contact with Europeans, with populations dropping to about 10% of their pre-contact numbers by 1600.

Who were the Conquistadors?

Conquistadors were small armies of Spaniards who set out to conquer the Americas using European tactics and firearms.

What was the Encomienda System?

The Encomienda System allowed conquistadors to rule over conquered land in the Americas as representatives of the Spanish King.

What happened to Tenochtitlan?

The Conquistadors razed Tenochtitlan after conspiring with its tributaries, leading to the conquest of modern-day Mexico.

What was the outcome of the Conquistadors' contact with the Incas?

The Conquistadors took advantage of the Inca's civil war and disease outbreaks to conquer much of the Andes, facing resistance for 40 years.

What are Crown Colonies?

Crown Colonies were territories directly loyal to the Spanish King, governed by Viceroys who acted as his representatives.

What was the Casta System?

The Casta System categorized people in the colonies based on their ethnic lineage, determining social status and rights.

What is Mercantilism?

Mercantilism is an economic theory that suggests kingdoms should hoard wealth, particularly gold and silver, often to the detriment of their colonies.

Why was Spanish Silver desirable in China?

Spanish Silver was desirable in China due to the Ming Dynasty's policies that increased demand for silver in trade.

What were the consequences of Spanish mining for silver?

The Spanish Empire's extensive silver mining led to inflation and ultimately bankruptcy due to mismanagement.

What key historical events occurred in 1206 and 1368?

In 1206, Temuchin became Genghis Khan; in 1368, the Ming Dynasty took power.

What significant events occurred in 1776 and 1789?

In 1776, the Declaration of Independence was signed; in 1789, the French Revolution began.

What was the Berlin Conference of 1885?

The Berlin Conference was a meeting where European powers negotiated the division of Africa among themselves.

What major global conflicts occurred between 1914 and 1945?

World War I (1914-1918) and World War II (1939-1945) were major global conflicts during this period.

What was the significance of the Fall of the Soviet Union in 1991?

The Fall of the Soviet Union marked the end of the Cold War and significant political changes in Eastern Europe.

What two countries were early maritime empires that influenced European colonial rivalries?

Spain and Portugal

What religious movement contributed to tensions among European powers in the 1600s?

The Protestant Reformation

What was the significance of Personal Unions for Spain in Europe?

Spain attempted to claim influence in Europe through intermarriage with other monarchs, leading to threats and coalitions against them.

What major conflict arose due to Spain's attempts to form Personal Unions?

The Thirty Years War

What unintended consequence resulted from Spain's mass-selling of silver to the Ming Dynasty?

The unofficial creation of a standardized currency for trade.

What was the Commercial Revolution?

A series of monetary advancements in Europe characterized by the rise of inflation and reliance on globalized trade.

What are Joint Stock Companies?

Colonial corporations funded by selling stocks to citizens.

Which company established a trade network with Native Americans in Canada and Louisiana?

Company of New France

What valuable resource did the French East India Company primarily purchase during the Little Ice Age?

Fur

Which country out-competed Portugal for access to the Indian Ocean?

The Netherlands and England

What was the Seven Years War known for?

It was the first 'world war' involving fighting across Europe, North America, and India.

What was the outcome of the Seven Years War for Britain?

Britain emerged as the dominant colonial empire, replacing Spain.

What significant territory did Britain gain from France after the Seven Years War?

Canada

What period is referred to as the Golden Age of Piracy?

The time after the Personal Union Wars and the Seven Years War when privateers turned to piracy.

What was the role of privateer fleets during the Personal Union Wars and the Seven Years War?

They disrupted enemy colonial merchant ships and seized their cargo.

What cultural spheres of influence were discussed in the note?

Sinosphere, Mediterranean, Indosphere, Dar al-Islam, Russosphere, and The West.

Which empires were part of the Gunpowder Empires discussed in the note?

Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals.

What was the impact of the Mongol legacy on the Medieval Era?

It led to a resurgence of cultures and the rise of trade.

What were the main colonial powers mentioned in the note?

Spain, Britain, France, and the Netherlands.

What was the significance of the Thirteen Colonies for Britain?

They represented Britain's growing influence and competition in the Americas.

What was the most powerful institution in Europe around 1500 CE?

The Roman Catholic Church

What practice was used as evidence of corruption in the Catholic Church?

The sale of Indulgences

Who was Martin Luther?

A German Christian Monk who criticized the Catholic Church and posted the 95 Theses.

What were the 95 Theses?

A list of discussion points by Martin Luther aimed at reforming the Catholic Church.

What significant technological advancement helped spread Martin Luther's ideas?

The Printing Press

What was the outcome of Martin Luther's trial by the Holy Roman Emperor?

He was excommunicated and labeled heretical.

What movement did Martin Luther's actions spark?

The Protestant Reformation

What was the Council of Trent?

A meeting called by the Catholic Pope to strategize against the Protestant Reformation.

What was one decision made during the Council of Trent regarding the Inquisition?

To investigate suspected heretics and seize Protestant literature.

What was the role of the Jesuits established after the Council of Trent?

To conduct international missionary work across Europe and the Americas.

What major reform did the Council of Trent implement regarding indulgences?

They stopped the sale of indulgences.

What was the Peace of Augsburg?

An agreement allowing lords in the HRE to choose between Moderate Protestantism or Catholicism.

What Protestant denomination did England establish under King Henry VIII?

Anglicanism

What were the French Wars of Religion?

Conflicts between Catholics and Protestants in France, ending with the Edict of Nantes.

What was the Thirty Years War?

A devastating conflict in Europe (1618-1648) resulting from tensions between Catholics and Protestants.

What was the Edict of Nantes?

A decree that granted religious tolerance to Protestants in France.

What was the significance of the Protestant Reformation?

It led to the renouncement of Catholicism by many and the establishment of Protestantism.

What cultural spheres were discussed in relation to the Protestant Reformation?

Sinosphere, Mediterranean, Indosphere, Russosphere, and Dar al-Islam.

What was a notable consequence of the Protestant Reformation in the Holy Roman Empire?

The division of the HRE into Catholic and Protestant territories.

What geographic or technological advantages allowed Portugal to establish a global maritime empire?

Portugal's focus on maritime exploration, including the development of the Caravel, allowed them to navigate and control trade routes.

What was the Reconquista?

The Reconquista was the period during which Christian kingdoms in Portugal and Spain seized territory from Muslim rule, culminating in 1492.

What was the Treaty of Tordesillas?

The Treaty of Tordesillas was an agreement in 1494 between Portugal and Spain to divide newly discovered lands between them, establishing Portuguese claims in Brazil.

What are cash crops?

Cash crops are agricultural products grown for sale rather than for personal consumption, including sugar, tobacco, coffee, and cotton.

What was the Atlantic Slave Trade?

The Atlantic Slave Trade was the large-scale transportation of enslaved Africans to the Americas, primarily for labor on plantations.

How did Portuguese explorers initially interact with African kingdoms?

Portuguese explorers established friendly relations with various African kingdoms and obtained permission to build trading outposts along the coast.

What role did the Kilwa Sultanate play in Portuguese expansion?

The Kilwa Sultanate was significant as Vasco da Gama conquered the Swahili Coast, establishing trading outposts in East Africa.

What were settler colonies?

Settler colonies were designed to create large settlements for colonizers, often leading to the displacement of native populations.

What were extraction colonies?

Extraction colonies were established to extract resources for the mother country, typically with smaller colonizer populations and reliance on slave labor.

What was the significance of the Caravel in Portuguese exploration?

The Caravel was a ship design that allowed for greater maneuverability and firepower, enabling Portugal to dominate maritime trade.

What was the impact of the Portuguese presence in Brazil?

The Portuguese established plantations in Brazil for cash crops, which required a large labor force, leading to the importation of enslaved Africans.

How did some African kingdoms benefit from the Atlantic Slave Trade?

Some African kingdoms, like Dahomey and Kongo, became wealthy by using European firearms to raid neighboring settlements for slaves.

What was the Portuguese strategy in the Indian Ocean?

Portugal aimed to outcompete Arab dominance by establishing trading posts and using superior naval technology.

What was the role of the Malacca Strait in Portuguese trade?

The Malacca Strait was crucial for the Portuguese to control the spice trade by charging tolls on ships passing through.

What was the primary focus of Portuguese traders in China and Japan?

Portuguese traders aimed to establish limited trading posts and promote Catholicism through missionaries in China and Japan.

What was the Mongol Empire's influence on the cultural spheres discussed?

The Mongol Empire facilitated trade and cultural exchange across various regions, influencing spheres such as the Sinosphere and Indosphere.

What characterized the Gunpowder Empires mentioned in the notes?

The Gunpowder Empires, including the Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals, were marked by military expansion and cultural resurgence following the Mongol legacy.

What was the significance of the year 1492 in the context of European exploration?

1492 marked the end of the Reconquista and Christopher Columbus's arrival in the Americas, signifying the beginning of European colonial expansion.

What were the two notable African kingdoms involved in the slave trade?

Dahomey and Kongo were notable for their involvement in the slave trade, benefiting economically from capturing and selling slaves.

What was the relationship between Portugal and Spain during the Reconquista?

Portugal and Spain maintained a friendship during the Reconquista, which has continued into modern times.

What was the primary reason for the decline of the native population in Brazil?

The native population in Brazil declined due to disease, discontent, and rebellion against enslavement.

What is the significance of the term 'Dar al-Islam' in the context of cultural influence?

'Dar al-Islam' refers to regions where Islam is the dominant religion, influencing trade and cultural exchanges during the medieval era.

What was the capital city of the Aztec Empire?

Tenochtitlan

What was the primary agricultural technique used by the Aztecs?

Floating Gardens

What type of government did the Aztecs have?

A theocracy with an emperor who had divine right.

What was the purpose of the Flower Wars in Aztec society?

To capture sacrifices and resources rather than for direct conquest.

What type of sacrifices did Aztec Gods demand?

Human sacrifices as a form of repentance for human sin.

What was the main god of the Aztecs associated with war and the sun?

Huitzilopochtli

What was the Incan Empire's capital city?

Cuzco

Who was the Sapa Inca responsible for elevating the chiefdom into the Incan Empire?

Pachacuti, known as 'the Earthshaker.'

What does the term 'Tawantinsuyu' mean?

Land of the four [mountain] ranges.

What labor system did the Incas use instead of traditional taxation?

The Mit'a System.

What advanced agricultural technique did the Incas develop?

Terrace Farming.

What is a Quipu?

A record-keeping device using knots on fiber strings for administration.

What was the primary animal used for labor by the Incas?

Alpacas.

What major infrastructure project connected the Inca Empire?

The Imperial Highway.

What was the population of Tenochtitlan at its height?

Approximately 400,000.

What was the Aztec approach to warfare compared to European methods?

Aztec warfare was ritualistic and aimed at capturing prisoners rather than causing casualties.

What is Machu Picchu theorized to be?

Either the imperial palace of Pachacuti or a religious temple.