Reproduction and Development Flashcards

Flashcards covering key vocabulary and concepts from the lecture notes.

Sexual Reproduction

Reproduction involving two parents, leading to genetic diversity but slower and more energy-intensive.

Asexual Reproduction

Reproduction involving a single parent, fast and efficient but results in no genetic variation.

Internal Fertilization

Fertilization occurring inside the female's body, providing protection for gametes but requiring mating behaviors.

External Fertilization

Fertilization occurring outside the female's body, involving a large number of gametes produced but with lower survival rates.

Viviparous

Development where the embryo develops inside the mother, leading to live birth and high offspring survival.

Oviparous

Development where eggs are laid externally and hatch outside the mother's body.

Ovoviviparous

Development where eggs hatch inside the mother, and the young are born live.

Meiosis in Gametogenesis

The process that produces haploid gametes and introduces genetic variation through independent assortment and crossing over.

Reproductive Tracts in Birds

In males, it includes testes, vas deferens, and cloaca; in females, it includes one ovary and oviduct leading to the cloaca.

Reproductive Tracts in Humans

In males, it includes testes, epididymis, vas deferens, and urethra; in females, it includes ovary, fallopian tube, uterus, and vagina.

FSH (Follicle-Stimulating Hormone)

A hormone that stimulates follicle development in ovaries.

LH (Luteinizing Hormone)

A hormone that triggers ovulation and corpus luteum formation.

Estrogen

A hormone that thickens the uterine lining and has feedback effects on LH/FSH.

Progesterone

A Hormone that maintains the uterine lining and inhibits LH/FSH to prevent another ovulation.

Fertilization

Union of sperm and egg leading to zygote formation.

Polyspermy Prevention

Mechanisms like fast block and slow block (cortical reaction) that prevent multiple sperm from fertilizing an egg.

Cleavage

Rapid mitosis without growth.

Blastula

Hollow ball of cells formed during development.

Gastrulation

Formation of the three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm).

Organogenesis

Development of organs from germ layers.

Hormonal Control of Puberty

The hypothalamus releases GnRH, stimulating the pituitary to release LH and FSH, which in turn stimulate gonadal hormone production.

Hormonal Control of Menstrual Cycle

FSH stimulates follicle development, estrogen rises leading to an LH surge, causing ovulation, and progesterone from the corpus luteum maintains the uterine lining.

Hormonal Birth Control

Methods like pills, patches, and injections that inhibit ovulation.

Barrier Birth Control

Methods like condoms and diaphragms that block sperm entry.

IUDs (Intrauterine Devices)

Devices that prevent implantation in the uterus.

Sterilization

Permanent methods like tubal ligation and vasectomy.