Fundamentals of Nursing Taylor Ch 3

acute illness

rapidly occurring illness that runs its course, allowing the person to return to his or her previous level of functioning

chronic illness

irreversible illness that causes permanent physical impairment and requires long-term healthcare

disease

pathologic change in the structure or function of the body or mind

exacerbation

period in chronic illness when the symptoms of the disease reappear

health

combined state of physical, mental, and social well being

health promotion

any activity undertaken for the purpose of achieving a higher level of health and well-being

holistic care

Care that promotes physical, emotional, social, intellectual, and spiritual well being by treating the whole body, mind and spirit.

illness

abnormal process in which any aspect of the person's functioning is altered (opposite of health)

morbidity

frequency that a disease occurs

mortality

death rate in a population;the probability of dying

remission

A period of time when signs and symptoms of a chronic disease subside

risk factor

anything that increases the chance of disease, illness or injury

modifiable risk factor

changeable or controllable (alcohol use, blood pressure, drug use,smoking )

un-modifiable risk factor

unable to be changed, genetic (Down Syndrome, family history of Cancer)

wellness

active process in which a person processes toward maximum possible potential regardless of their current state of health

objectives of nurse as caregiver

1 .promote health

2.prevent illness

3.restore health

4. coping with disability,illness, or even death

health is more then the absence of illness it is :

an active process in which a person moves from their current physical state toward his maximum potential.Every person is different.

concepts of health

each person defines health in their own way according to values and beliefs, family ,culture,community, and society which the person lives in, influences the persons perception of health.

all of these perceptions of the whole person including physical,intellectual,emotional,sociocultural,spiritual, environmental must be taken into consideration in the Holistic nursing care .

concept of wellness

wellness is more then good health which is passive where the person is not ill.

Wellness is more active state regardless of a persons level of health by living a lifestyle that promotes good physical. mental,and emotional health.

Human dimensions - interdependent parts compose the whole person

physical,

intellectual,

emotional,

sociocultural,

spiritual,

environmental,

must be taken into consideration in the Holistic nursing care .

Causes of diseases

1.Inherited genetic defects

2.Development problems from pregnancy either virus or chemical

3.Biologic agents or toxins

4.Physical agents such as temperature,chemicals, and radiation.

5.Generalized tissue responses to injury or irritation

6.Physiologic and emotional reactions to stress

7.Excessive or insufficient production of body secretions.(hormones,enzymes)

stages-of-illness behaviors (acute)

1. Experiencing s/s

2. Assuming the sick role

3. Assuming a dependant role

4. Achieving recovery & rehabilitation

chronic illness

Has one or more of the following characteristics: it is a permanent change, it causes or is caused by irreversible alterations in normal anatomy and physiology, it requires special patient education for rehabilitation, it requires a long period of care or support.

chronic illness

have a slow onset and many have periods of remission and exacerbation and are the leading health problem in the world.

Effects of illness on the Family

Chronic illness is especially hard on the family of the patient because it requires lifelong alterations in roles or lifestyle, fequent hospitalization, money problems, decreased social interactions. Some family members want to be with patient all the time others never want to help. Family may react with blame, over-protection, severe anxiety, guilt, and may feel alone and frightened.

Factors affecting health

Health beliefs,health practices, may be internal or external may or may not be under the patients control. Nurse must take these factors into consideration to provide holistic care.

Basic human needs

Include Physiological and Psychosocial needs; are common to all people; are essential to the health and survival of all people. ( If one or more need is not met increase risk for illness).

Human dimensions

Factors influencing a persons health illness status, health beliefs and health practices. PHYSICAL, EMOTIONAL, INTELLECTUAL, ENVIRONMENTAL, SOCIOCULTURAL, SPIRITUAL.

Physical dimension

Human dimension including genetic inheritance, age, developmental level, race, and gender. Ex inherited Down syndrome, age- toddler drowning, teenage male - car crash, race -sickle cell, gender - breast cancer.

Emotional dimension

refers to how a person responds to and deals w/feelings of stress, joy, anger, sorrow, guilt, remorse and love, how the mind affects body function and responds to body conditions also influences health.

intellectual dimension

Cognitive abilities, educational background, past experiences. The dimension in wellness that involves the use of your mind and maintaining an active mind, contributing to total well-being. Ex Nurses teaching about health and reactions to nursing care during illness.

environmental dimension

Human dimension influenced by housing, sanitation, climate, pollution of air, food, and water. Ex increased skin cancer in hot sunny areas of the world, respiratory problems in cities with smog problems, inadequate heating/cooling systems.

sociocultural dimension

Human dimension influenced by a person's economic level, lifestyle, family, and culture.

spiritual dimension

Associated with the concept of self-actualization, value systems, belief in a higher power, religious expression and passion for life.

self concept

Perception of physical self and their opinion about themselves.

Includes both physical and emotional aspects and is an important factor in the way the individual reacts to stress and illness, follows self-care, and relates to others. Comes from interpersonal interactions,physical and ethnic or cultural influences and education.

risk factors for illness or injury - 6 types

1. Age, ex school-age kids -communicable diseases

2. Genetic factors, ex family history of cancer

3. Physiological factors, ex obesity-heart disease

4. Health habits, ex smoking -lung cancer

5. Lifestyle, ex multiple sex partners -std

6. Environment, ex Hazerdous materials, poor sanitation

health promotion and Illness prevention

Primary: measures taken to keep healthy persons well, prevent and reduce the risk of illness. (e.g. immunization, family planning, teaching healthy diet, providing info on poison-control or accident-prevention)

Secondary: activities directed at early detection of illness and its complications, to improve the likelihood of cure or easy management. (e.g. medical,dental, and vision exams, self-breast exam, screening for blood pressure and cholesterol)

Tertiary: activities directed at maintaining the best possible state of health once a disease or illness has already developed in order to prevent worsening and rehabilitate patients to a maximum level of functioning. (e.g. exercise program for patient with heart disease, PT or OT medication , surgery)

Restorative: home health care

Continuing: hospice

health belief model

addresses relationship between a person's beliefs and behaviors; three components:

the individual's perception of susceptibility to a disease,

individual's perception of seriousness of a disease,

and perceived benefits of action.

health promotion model

describes the multidimensional nature of persons as they interact within their environment to pursue health, focusing on three areas:

individual characteristics and experiences,

behavior-specific knowledge and affect,

and behavioral outcomes

modifying factors for ones health beliefs include

demographic variables - gender, age

sociopsychological - peer pressure

structural variable - knowledge of, or prior contact with the disease

*patient must feel that the changes are going to work.

*barriers to action include: perceptions of unavilability, inconvenience, expense, difficulty, and/or time.

health illness continuum

visual representation to assess clients, represents health as a dynamic process. Includes high level wellness on one end and death at the other. Ever changing state of health dealing with internal and external environments to maintain a state of well being. ex cancer patients may view themselves as being at any point on the continuum at any given time depending on how well they feel they are functioning with the illness.

agent-host- environment model

Based on concept of risk factors. Useful for examining the causes of disease in an individual based on an agent being an environnmental factor or stresor that must be present or absent for an illness to occur

Nursing care to promote health and prevent illness

1. Model - nurses should take care of their own health be an example

2. Encourage - patients to acquire new health behavior

3. Educate - teach patients good health

4. Advocate- for patients and their family toward healthy behavior.

Health and illness is

defined by each person based on a number of personal factors

A nursing giving influenza injections at a local clinic is what level of care

Primary health promotion ,illness prevention

A friend of a nurse tells her she has a fever, feels lousy and can not go to work what stage of illness behavior is the friend in

Assuming the sick role --she defined herself as sick, seeking validation from her and not going to work/gave up normal activity.

Patient with heart failure, a chronic condition. The following are part of a chronic illness

Permanent change in body structure or function

Long period of treatment and care

Often has remission and exacerbation .

The agent -host-environment model of health and illness is based on what concept

Risk factors. The interactions between agent host environment creates risk factors that increase likeliness of disease

Giving health promotion classes, nurses use concepts from models of health. What do both the

health-illness and high level wellness models demonstrate

Health is a constantly changing state