Speech Disorders Exam 2

Articulation

creation of speech sounds using movements of the vocal tract

Vowels

produced with more OPEN vocal tract and are ALWAYS VOICED

Consonants

produced with a more CONSTRICTED vocal tract and can be voiced or unvoiced

what is the source-filter theory?

• states that a voicing source is generated by the vocal folds and is routed through the vocal tract

• the voice is shaped or filtered into the sounds of speech by movement of the vocal tract

What is the source?

voice

What is the filter?

the way you shape your mouth and vocal tract

What is resonance?

• the frequency regions of high acoustic energy

  • happens because of our filter (vocal tract) shape

What are the cavities of the vocal tract?

1. pharynx

   a. laryngopharynx

   b. oropharynx

   c. nasopharynx

2. velopharyngeal port

3. nasal cavity

4. oral cavity

What is #1 on the diagram?

Nasal Cavity

What is #2 on the diagram?

hard palate

What is #3 on the diagram?

Soft palate

What is #4 on the diagram?

oral cavity

What is #5 on the diagram?

nasopharynx

What is #6 on the diagram?

oropharynx

What is #7 on the diagram?

laryngopharynx

What is #8 on the diagram?

larynx

What is #9 on the diagram?

esophagus

What is #10 on the diagram?

epiglottis

What is #11 on the diagram?

tongue tip

What is #12 on the diagram?

Tongue

What is #13 on the diagram?

tongue blade

What is #14 on the diagram?

tongue root

What are the muscles of the face?

1. orbicularis oris

2. Buccinator

3. masseter

4. labii

5. Anguli oris

What three other muscles are included in the labii muscle?

1. Levator superioris

2. levator superioris alaque nasi

3. depressor inferioris

What two muscles fall under the anguli oris?

1. Levator

2. Depressor

What is the function of the Orbicularis Oris?

• main muscle of the lips

• one muscle, but can move separately between the upper and lower lip

What is the function of the Buccinator?

• helps move food onto the molars

• important for bolus formation

What is the function of the Masseter?

• main purpose is to elevate the mandible

What is the function of the Labii Levator Superioris?

• elevates upper lip

What is the function of the Labii Superioris Alaeque Nasi?

• also elevates upper lip

What is the function of the Labii Depressor Inferioris?

• pulls both lips down and out, opening them

What is the function of Anguli Oris?

• works with corners of the mouth

What is the function of the Anguli Oris Levator?

• draws corners of the mouth UP

What is the function of Anguli Oris Depressor?

• draws corners of the mouth DOWN

What is #1 on the diagram?

Orbicularis Oris

What is #2 on the diagram?

Massester

What is #3 on the diagram?

Buccinator

What is #4 on the diagram?

Levator Labii Superioris

What is #5 on the diagram?

Levator Labii Superioris Alaeque Nasi

What is #6 on the diagram?

Depressor Labii Inferioris

What is #7 on the diagram?

Levator Anguli Oris

What is #8 on the diagram?

Depressor Anguli Oris

Name the parts of the tongue

• tongue root

• tongue base

• tongue blade/body

• tongue tip

What is the function of the tongue root?

• ROOT the tongue to the oral cavity

What is the function of the tongue base?

• important in velar sounds (velar consonants- /k, g, ŋ/)

• important in back vowels (/ʊ, u, o, ɔ, ɑ/)

• helps propel bolus back into the pharynx

What is the function of the Tongue Body?

• 2/3 of the tongues total surface (including tip)

• touches hard palate which helps us produce any sounds that use the tongue

What is the function of the Tongue Tip?

• used for almost all alveolar sounds (/t, d, ɾ, s, z, n, l/)

• tongue tie would form here

What is #1 on the diagram?

Tongue root

What is #2 on the diagram?

Tongue Tip

What is #3 on the diagram?

Tongue Blade/Body

What is #4 on the diagram?

Tongue Base

What are the Intrinsic Muscles of the tongue?

• Longitudinal muscles

• Transverse muscles

• Vertical Muscles

Describe the Longitudinal Muscles of the tongue

• run length of tongue from BACK to FRONT

• there are superior and inferior longitudinal muscles

  • Superior longitudinal muscles elevate the tongue tip

  • Inferior longitudinal muscles depress the tongue tip

Describe the Transverse muscles of the tongue

• run LATERALLY (side to side) on the tongue

• they NARROW the tongue; helps you do the hot dog roll

Describe the Vertical muscles of the tongue

• run VERICALLY on the tongue (up & down)

• they DEPRESS the tongue

• help with vowels that use low tongue height

What are the Extrinsic Muscles of the tongue?

• Genioglossus

• Hyoglossus

• Palatoglossus

• Mylohyoid

• Styloglossus

Describe the Genioglossus muscle

• starts at the mandible, then inserts to tongue body

• works to RETRACT the tongue (bring it in mouth)

• PROTRUDES the tongue (stick tongue out)

• further depresses the tongue

Describe the Hyoglossus muscle

• starts at the hyoid bone, and runs to sides of the tongue

• pulls sides of the tongue DOWN

Describe the Palatoglossus muscle

• runs from palate down to the side of the posterior tongue (tongue base)

• has two different functions

  • RAISES the tongue base

  • LOWERS the velum

Describe the Mylohyoid muscle

• starts at mandible and inserts onto the hyoid bone

• LOWERS and DEPRESSES the mandible

• allows us to produce vowels like /ɑ/ and /o/

Describe the Styloglossus muscle

• starts at styloid process and goes to the INFERIOR sides of the tongue at the body

• when this muscle contracts it moves the tongue BACK and UP at the SAME time

• allows us to produce velar sounds and high back vowels like /u/ and /ʌ/

What is #1 on the diagram?

Palatoglossus

What is #2 on the diagram?

Styloglossus

What is #3 on the diagram?

Hyoglossus

What is #4 on the diagram?

Genioglossus

What is #5 on the diagram?

Superior Longitudinal Muscles

What is #6 on the diagram?

Vertical

What is #7 on the diagram?

Transverse

What is #8 on the diagram?

Inferior Longitudinal muscles

What muscle is used in tongue tip elevation?

• superior longitudinal muscles

What muscle is used in tongue tip depression?

• inferior longitudinal muscles

What muscle is used in tongue tip deviation?

• ONE SIDE of the inferior longitudinal muscle

• use this to sweep your mouth to clear food

What muscle is used in tongue protrusion?

• genioglossus

What muscles is used in tongue retraction?

• main one is genioglossus

• styloglossus

What muscles are used in Tongue Base retraction?

• styloglossus

• hyoglossus

What muscle is used in tongue base elevation?

• palatoglossus

• moves tongue base UP ONLY

What are the muscles of the velum?

1. Levator veli palatini

2. Tensor veli palatini

3. Palatopharyngeus

4. Palatoglossus

What does the Levator Veli Palatini do?

• ELEVATES and RETRACTS the velum

• this helps close of the Velopharyngeal Port to produce oral consonants

What does the Tensor Veli Palatini do?

• opens eustachian tubes

What does the Palatopharyngeus do?

• DEPRESSES/LOWERS the velum and narrows the pharynx

• helps us breath out of our nose and produce nasals)

What does the Palatoglossus do ?

• ELEVATES the posterior tongue or lowers the velum along with the palatopharyngeal muscle

What is #1 on the diagram?

Tensor Levi Palatini

What is #2 on the diagram?

Levator Veli Palatini

What is #3 on the diagram?

Palatoglossus

What is #4 on the diagram?

Palatopharyngeal

Tongue advancement is associated with what formant frequency?

Formant 2

Tongue height is associated with what formant frequency ?

Formant 1

As tongue height increases F1 __________.

decreases

The more fronted the tongue advancement, the ____________ the F2.

Higher