RHS

apical pathology

inflammatory conditions around the root tip of tooth

what are caries

cavities

purpose of periapical dental images

to show the entire tooth from crown to root apex and surrounding bone

purpose of bitewing dental images

to detect interproximal caries, recurrent decay, periodontal disease, and evaluate restorations

Purpose of Full Mouth Series (FMX)

full survey of teeth and supporting structures using pariapicals and bitewings

Purpose of occlusal

shows large areas of the maxilla or mandible and helps locate impacted teeth or foreign objects

purpose of panoramic

shows a view of both jaws, tmjs, sinuses, and surrounding structures

purpose of cephalometric

shows facial profile and to assess the exact relationship between the teeth, jawbones, and skull structure

purpose of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT)

used for implants, impacted teeth, pathology and surgical planning

what are the features of a diagnostically acceptable image? (6)

1. includes requires anatomy

2. proper density

3. proper contrast

4. sharp details

5. minimal distortion and magnification

6. free from errors and retakes

what is density

overall darkness or blackness of the image

what is contrast

difference between shades of black, gray, and white

what is sharpness

ability to reproduce fine details clearly

what is distortion

incorrect size or shape caused by improper angulation

why should you review medical history

to identify contraindications and medications that may affect treatment

How would you prepare patient for a radiographic procedure

you would remove:

1. glasses

2. earrings

3. necklaces

4. facial piercings

5. removable appliances

purpose of patient positioning

to prevent distortion and ensure accurate image acquisition

what is an image receptor

the sensor that captures the x-ray

what is the image holder

the device that holds it in position (XCP)

Yellow XCP holder?

posterior x-rays

Green XCP holder

endodontic x-rays

Blue XCP holder

anterior x-rays

Red XCP holder

bitewing x-rays

What is a bite block

plastic piece that patients bite down on to stabilize the receptor holder

What is a bitwing tab

a sticky tab that holdd the biting film/sensor in place

what is positioning indication device (PID)

the cone/tube end that directs x-ray beam

What is the beam alignment and paralleling devices

tools that help align x-ray beam and receptor correctly

what are the 3 components of an x-ray unit

1. control panel

2. extension arm

3. tubehead

what is the control panel

button/settings for exposure

what does the control panel do

sets kVp, mA, and exposure time

what is the extension arm

moves tubehead into postion

what does the extension arm do

positions the x-ray beam towards patients' mouth

what is the tube head

where x-rays are produced

what are the 3 components in a tubehead

1. anode

2. cathode

3. target

what do you do with a tubehead

aim it at receptor using PID

what do you do with the image receptor and holder (3)

1. place receptor inside the patient's mouth

2. use holder to stabilize it

3. ensure that it is flat and correctly positioned against the tooth area

what do you do with the bite block

patient gently bites in it to keep everything still and helps maintain correct alignment

what do you do with bitewing tabs

attach tab to the receptor, and patient bites on it to stabilize.

what do you do with the PID

aim it toward the receptor and tooth; it must be centered correctly to avoid cone cuts

what do you do with beam alignment and paralleling devices

align tubehead→ring→receptor so beam is parallel

1

inferior border of mandible

2

body of mandible

3

ramus of mandible

4

angle of mandible

5

condyle

6

coronoid process

7

sigmoid notch

8

external oblique ridge

9

manibular canal

10

mental foramen

11

glenoid fossa

12

articular eminence

13

zygomatic arch

14

maxillary sinus

15

floor of maxillary sinus

16

posterior wall of max sinus

17

zygomatic process of max

18

pterygomaxillary fissure

19

floor of orbit

20

infraorbital canal

21

nasal cavity

22

nasal septum

23

hard palate

24

vertebrae

25

hyoid

26

styloid process

27

external auditory meatus

28

airway

29

maxillary tuberosity

Radiopaque (3)

white light, that is high density and blocks the passage of x-rays

Radiolucent (2)

1 black/gray

2. low density that lets x-rays pass through

example of radiopaque

bone, metal implants, dental filling

example of Radiolucent

air, fat, soft tissue, and tooth decay

labial surface

towards the lip

buccal surface

towards the cheek

lingual surface

faces the tongue

occlusal surface

top of posterior teeth

palatal surface

faces the palate (roof of mouth)

mesial surface

towards the midline

distal surface

away from the midline

what is ionization

the removal of an electron from an atom

why is ionization important

it is responsible for biological damange caused by radiation

where are x-rays produced

inside the x-ray tube

what is a cathode

the negative side of the x-ray

what is the anode

the positive side of the xray

what is the tungsten filament

a wire inside the cathode that produces electrons when heated

what is thermionic emission

release of electrons from the heated tungsten filament

what is the focal spot

area of the tungsten target where electrons strike and x rays are produced

what percentage of energy becomes x-rays

aprox. 1%

what percentage becomes heat

aprox. 99%

what is primary radiation

useful beam produced at the target

what is secondary radiation

radiation produced after the primary beam interacts with matter

what is scatter radiation

secondary radiation that changes direction after interacting with matter

why is scatter radiation dangerous

it exposes patients and operators to unnecessay radiation

what is leakage radiation

radiation escaping through the tube housing

what does kVp control

beam quality and penetrating power

increasing kVp causes what

greater penetration and lower contrast

what does mA control

quantity of x-rays produced

increasing mA causes what

more x-rays and a darker image

what does exposure time control

length of radiation exposure