geo test 2: population, migration, political geography

how many people alive today

8 billion.  increased at a rapid rate after second half of 1900s

higher poplulation in lcd or mcd

LDC’s. MDC’s have fewer children and that number is declining

demography

 the study of population characteristics

demographers

look statistically at how people are distributed spatially by age, gender, occupation, fertility health, etc.

global perspective

over population because of favorable balance of resources

ecumenes

parts of the Earth occupied by permanent human settlement (inhabited land)

Sparsely Populated areas

dry lands (areas too dry for farming), wet lands (high levels of precipitation near the equator), cold lands (poles, climates do not allow agriculture, people, or animals), high lands (mountains that are steep and cold)

malthus

population is increasing at an exponential rate so we have less food/resources

Arithemetic Density

total population divided by total area. 

Physiological density

 number of persons per unit area of arable land agriculture

Agricultural density

the number of farmers per unit area of arable land

crude

society as a whole

cbr

total number of live births per year for every 1000 in society

cdr

total number of deaths per year for every 1000 in a society

nir

natural increase rate. percentage by which a population grows in a year (CBR-CDR)

carrying capacity

the maximum population size that the environment can sustain indefinitely

doubling time

number of years needed to double a population assuming a constant rate of natural incresse

tfr

total fertility rate. average number of children a woman will bear through her childbearing years

imr

infant mortality rate. annual number of deaths of infants under 1 year compared with live births. Expressed as number of infants/1000 births

life expectancy

the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live at current mortality levels (higher in MDCs)

stages of growth

stage 1: low growth 800BC-1750 war, disease, drought

stage 2: high growth after 1750 industrial revolution

stage 3: moderate growth CBR drops but is still higher than CDR

stage 4: low growth zero population growth, immigrants balance out CBR (US is in stage 4)

stage 5: loss to population as CDR is higher than CBR

population pyramid

 bar graph showing age and gender groups. male left female right

• Rapid growth: triangle

• Moderate growth: square

• Negative growth: inverse triangle

Dependency ratio

number of people in a society who are too young/old to work

sex ratio

 number of males/100 females

why are there declining birth rates

economic development (better education, employment, health care for women)

contraceptives

Epidemiological transition (distinctive causes of death stages)

stage 1 and 2: black plague killed 25 million europeans

stage 3 and 4: polio and other diseases decreased, more cancer, elderly life expectency increased

stage 5: reemergence of diseases - higher cdr. Diseases develope resistance to drugs. antibiotics/genetic engineering create new strains of bacteria. Malaria in 1963 resistant to DDT. transportation/poverty aiding infectious disease (covid, avian flu, swine flu)

migration

permanent move to a new location. specific type of relocation.

emigration

migration from a location

immigration

migration to a location

push factors

inducing people to move out.

economic (main reason), cultural (slavery/wars), environmental

pull factors

inducing people to move in

economic (Areas of natural resources will attract engineers, miners, scientists, construction workers)

cultural, environmental

internal migration

move within a country

Interregional migration

movement from one region of a country to another.(urban to rural)

intraregional migration

movement within a region

international migration

movement from one country to another

Voluntary migration

migrant has chosen to move for economic improvement

forced migration

migrant is compelled to move because of cultural/political factor

4 phases of immigration

1- frontier expansion (1820-1880) uk, germany high levels

2- industrialization (1880-1910) italy, greece, russia, poland

3- immigration pause (1910-1965) racism, ellis island closed

4- post 1964 - more diversity, increased immigration

5- return to low level immigration - president limits immigration

chain migration

immigrants cluster in communities, People come to be with family and friends

brain drain

Large scale emigration of talented people

guest/temporary workers

take on low skilled jobs and send money back to home countries

migrants vs refugees

migrants:need a skill or close relative

refugees: asylum (saftey) seekers and get priority

asylum seeker

A person who leaves a sovereign country, in order to get Refugee status in another, because of danger (race, religion, nationality)

counter urbanization

migration from urban to suburban (popular in US)

the state

country, fundamental unit of political space (governments have sovereignty in the area)

Sovereignty

independence from control over states with internal affairs (power)

nation state

state with shared ethnicity, cultural and historical identity (japan and finland)

multinational state

state with more than one nation within its borders (united states)

stateless nation

nations without their own territory; desire to become their own state (palestines in isreal)

microstates

small states (islands)

city state

a sovereign state that comprises of a town and its surorunding country side

centrifugal force

divide a state

Centripetal forces

unify a state

compact states (efficient)

distance from center to any boundary does not vary significantly. Ideal shape is a circle with a capital in the center, easy to access and protect

Prorupted states (disruption)

a compact shape with a large projecting disruption, very often to access a resource (water) (thailand)

elongated states (isolation)

long narrow shape, usually suffering from poor internal communication (chile)

fragmented state

includes discontinuous territories and includes both countries comprising of islands and territory which is separated by water and separated by other states. (alaska, hawaii)

perforated state

tear (a state that completely surrounds another state (south africa, with lesotho and swaziland) Dependence for exports and imports. Gives rise to political and econonimc problmes.

landlocked states

lack a direct outlet to the sea. Completely surrounded by other countries.

boundaries

an invisible line marking the extent of a states territory (generate conflict)

frontiers

a zone where no state exercises political control. borders 2 states

physical boundaries

mountains (limits contact, andes mountains)

deserts (hard to cross and rarely populated, sahara desert)

water (great lakes, rivers - rio grande, oceans - defense), law of sea:117 countries agreed to have a standardized limit of 12 nautical miles

cultural boundaries

geometric boundaries (usa and canada - long straight line)

religious/ethnic (england separated from india)

language (europeans have similar languages)

largest land mass that does not belong to any state

antartica

supernational organization

political/military, economic, or cultural alliance between three or more states

united nations

political cooperation, vote to establish peace

nato

military cooperation, north atlantic treaty organization, promotes peace

warsaw pact

Communist and east european countries set this in place to defend each other in the event of an attack

nafta

economic cooperation, north american free trade agreement, removes barriers to trade and invest

european union

economic cooperation

oas

organization of american states, promotes economic, cultural, and social links

au

african union, promotes economic integration in africa

commonwealth

uk and 53 other states who were english colonies, seek economic and cultural cooperation

terrorism

the systematic use of violence by a group to intimidate a population or coerce a government into granting its demands

al qaeda

means base/foundation, terrorists in 90s, osama bin laden, formed into ISIS

unitary state

power in the hands of central government, need effective communication, small countries in europe, few cultural differences

federal state

power in local government, large countries, usa, russia, canda

gerrymandering

redrawing legislative boundaries to ensure each district maintains the same population