OB week 3 not done

9 most common perceptual errors

1. Fundamental

2. Stereotyping

3. Self-fulfilling Prophecy

4. Halo

5. Projection

6. Implicit Personality Theories 

7. Primacy Effect

8. Recency Effect

9. Reliance on Central Traits

What is Perception?

it is the process of interpreting the message of our sense to provide order and meaning to environment

 

Bases on 3 words

1. Interrupting Provide

2. Order - prioritizing

3. Meaning - meaning making machines

Components of perception

1. perceiver

2. target

3. situation

1. Perceiver

Perceiver's experience, needs and emotions can affect his or her perception of the target

observer (always looking at something else) "not what you look at, its what you see" 5 things they bring….

Target (person or thing)

context

2. Target

Perception involves interpretation of the target

Ambiguous targets are susceptible to interpretation

3. Situation

Context (e.g. timing) can affect what one perceives

Social identity

 Sense of identity ~ personal and social

personal identity

People (perceivers) form perceptions of themselves (target) based on their characteristics and memberships in social categories (situations)

Social identity

people (perceivers) form perceptions of other others (target) based on their memberships in social categories (situation)

Perceptual Process

1. Environmental stimuli ~ what is it? Everything around us, exposed to everything

2. Observation (5 plus 1) the 1 is intuition

3. Perceptual selection ~ (attention)  what you pick to pay attention too

   1. What 2 thing affect what pay attention too? Persevere influences and input source influences

4. Perceptual organization/construction of reality ~ once certain input have been selected we use them construct a rep of the object. (make stuff up)

5. Interpretation ~ making a decision choosing to make an action… FIRE … HIRE. Attribution errors

 

1. Environmental stimuli

sensory overload can occur when there are too many stimuli for a person to process

2. Observation 

5 plus 1 

-smelling

-hearing 

-touching

-seeing

-tasting 

-INTUATION

3. Perceptual Selection

Since only some of the stimuli in the environment are sensed perceptual selection limits what will be perceived

External Factors (e.g. size, intensity, contrast)

Internal Factors (familiarity, source credibility)

4. Perceptual organization/construction

What is perceptually selected is due in part to what others are perceiving 

perceptual grouping e.g. proximity similarity

5. interpretation

attribution errors

attribution cues

1. Consistency cue

2. Consensus cues

3. Distinctive cues

1. Consistency cue

1. Does the person engage un the behaviour regularly and consistently

2. Consensus cues

2.  do most people engage in the behaviour, or is it unique to this person

3. Distinctive cues does the person engage in the behaviour in many situations, or is it distinctive to one situation

3. does the person engage in the behaviour in many situations, or is it distinctive to one situation

biases in attribution (all one)

fundamental attribution 

actor-observer effect

self-serving bias 

fundamental attribution

Tendency to overemphasize dispositional explanation for behaviour at the expense of situational explanations

Actor-Observer Effect

Propensity for actors and observers to view the causes of the actor’s behaviour differently

Self-Serving Bias

Tendency to take credit for successful outcomes and to deny responsibility for failures

2. Stereotyping

Tendency to generalize about people in a social category and ignore variations among them

3. Self-fulfilling prophecy

Occurs when our expectations about another person cause that person to act in a way that is consistent with those expectations

4. Halo

one trait forms a general impression

when we have a favourable impression of someone, having tendency of spreading that impression on others, over evaluating positive characteristic and under evaluating negative

5. Projection

believe others believes the same things you do.

the tendency for perceivers to attribute their own thoughts and feelings to others

6. Implicit Personality Theories

which values attributes and characteristic go together

personal theories that people have about which personality characteristics go together 

7. Primacy Effect

the tendency for a perceiver to rely on early cues or first impressions

8. Recency Effect

the tendency for a perceiver to rely on recent cues or last impressions

9. Reliance on Central Traits

personal characteristics of a target person that are of particular interest to a perceivers

Challenges in the workplace related to perception

1. perception and workplace diversity

2. perception of trust

3. perceived organizational support (POS)

4. perception in human resource management

brunners model

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