Special Topics in Oral Biology - Exam 1

Pain is the body's

alarm system

Pain is classified by

-time (acute, subacute, chronic)

-etiology (malignant or non-malignant)

-mechanism (nociceptive or neuropathic)

-quality (fast (A-delta) or slow (C))

fast pain (A-delta) is

sharp, stabbing

Slow pain (C) is

aching, throbbing

pain can be broken up into

nociceptive or non-nociceptive

nociceptive can be broken into

somatic (surface, A-delta fast pain)

Visceral (deep tissue/organ, C slow pain)

non-nociceptive pain is

neuropathic

pain is generally a

protective, beneficial mechanism

pain is invoked by ____; alerts the individual to remove themselves from situation causing stimuli and damage

tissue damage

there are two types of pain with distinct sensations and distinct pain transmission pathways

Fast pain (via A-delta nerve fibers)

Slow pain (via C nerve fibers)

Describe fast pain

- rapid onset, within 0.1 second of stimulus

- intense; describes as sharp, stabbing, electric

- very well localized

- usually not felt in most deep tissues or viscera

describe slow pain

- beings 1 second or more after stimulus; builds

-burning, aching, throbbing or nauseous pain

- poorly localized, often diffuse pain

- usually associated with deep tissues and viscera

- tissue destruction and unbearable suffering

A-alpha fibers send impulses at a speed of

120 (100) m/sec

A-delta fibers send impulses at a speed of

10 m/sec

C fibers send impulses at a speed of

1 m/sec

slow pain can _______

wake you up

fast pain is conducted through the ___________ tract of the anterolateral spinothalamic pathway

neospinothalamic

Fast pain is primarily a mechanical stimulus that is transmitted through fast _____ fibers

A-delta

In fast pain, synapse in the dorsal horn of spinal cord with fibers that crossover and ascend up the anterolateral spinothalamic pathway in the neospinothalamic tract innervate the reticular formation and _____; some projections continue to the ____

thalamus, somatosensory cortex

fast pain Is _____ and graded in intensity ____ than slow pain

localized, better

Slow pain is conducted through the _____ tract of the anterolateral spinothalamic pathway

paleospinothalamic

slow pain is primarily through slow

C nerve fibers

Slow pain synapses in the dorsal horn of spinal cord with interneurons where they synapse and crossover to travel up the anterolateral spinothalamic pathway in the paleospinothalamic tract to the reticular formation (the ____ and ______ center); only 10-20% go to the thalamus

wakefulness, arousal

slow pain has very ___ localization and ____ (no projections to the somatosensory cortex)

poor, grading

Chromosomes are

DNA and proteins packaged tightly together

what are DNA and proteins packaged tightly together called

histones

What is the central dogma

how genetic information flows from DNA to proteins

describe DNA

-stable; long-term storage of information

-efficiently packaged

-accessible

describe mRNA

-unstable

-transient information intermediate

what is the template of genetic information

DNA

What is the product of genetic information

Protein

transcription is turning ____ into ____

DNA, mRNA

translation is turning ____ into ___

mRNA, protein

cytosine anneals to

guanine

adenine anneals to

thymine (DNA)

uracil (RNA)

nucleic acids have both a

sequence and a direction

DNA is ______ ____ strands

anti-parallel, complimentary

transcription occurs in the

nucleus

translation occurs in the

cytosol

a primary RNA transcript includes

exons and introns

a mature mRNA does not include

introns

_____ are removed from the RNA transcript

introns

Ribosomes read the bases of ______ and translate into

sequence, amino acid strand

the transcription regulation region

determines speed or if should transcription should stop depending on what binds

the promoter region is where

RNA polymerase binds to initiate transcription

a structural gene has both _______ (transcribed but not translated) and _____ (transcribed and translated)

introns, exons

what can regulate transcription rate

hormones, neurotransmitters, cytokines, growth factor, signal transduction products

specific proteins binding to DNA in the transcription regulation region can regulate the level of

specific transcription factors

peptide hormones, neurotransmitters, cytokines, and growth factor need ______ receptors

membrane-bound

steroid hormones, thyroid hormones, vitamin D3 etc need ______ receptors

intracellular

there are many levels of control for gene expression and protein activity. they are

transcription control, RNA splicing, mRNA transport, mRNA degradation control, Translation control, protein activity control

each of our diploid cells carry ______ of each gene, one from the mother and one from the father

two copies

the variants in the sequence of genes that vary slightly are called

alleles or polymorphisms

if both copies of a gene are the same allele, you are said to be ____ for that gene

homozygous

if you have two different alleles you are _____

heterozygous

SNP or single nucleotide polymorphisms may occur anywhere in the ______, the ______ and the _______

transcription regulatory region, promoter region, structural gene region

some SNP's cause

1. too much functional protein to be made (may cause disease)

2. too little functional protein to be made (may cause disease)

3. very little change in gene function (no disease)

alleles can impact either the ____ or ____ of a protein

quality, quantity

diagnosis and screening for susceptibility can be used for

- genetic diseases

- infectious diseases

- genetic susceptibility

what are the techniques used for diagnosis and screening for susceptibility

PCR, RFLP, DNA microchip arrays

genetic information can be used for treatment such as

1. utilization of recombinant DNA products (caries "vaccine")

2. antisense therapy

3. RNA/DNA vaccines

4. Gene therapy (ex vivo, in vivo)

What is diabetes mellitus

when plasma glucose is too high for too long; inappropriately elevated plasma glucose

What percentage of all US adults have diabetes mellitus

14.7%

The majority of type 2 diabetes is associated with

bodyweight control, diet, physical activity, genetics, stressors, systemic/oral health

What are some consequences of glycemic dysregulation and diabetes mellitus

periodontal disease, heart disease death rate, stroke, infections, blindness, renal failure, neuropathy, lower limb amputations, birth defects/miscarriages, pregnancy outcome, depression, overall health

The heart disease death rate is ______-_____ x higher with diabetes mellitus

2-4

the stroke risk is ____ -____ x higher with diabetes mellitus

2-4

Plasma glucose is regulated homeostatically to maintain a concentration of between ________ of plasma

70mg-100mg/100ml

what is hypoglycemia

low blood glucose

what can severe hypoglycemia lead to?

unconsciousness, brain and nerve damage, death

what is hyperglycemia

elevated blood glucose levels

what does hyperglycemia lead to?

formation of advanced glaciated end (AGE) products and disordered polyol metabolism which results in damage to blood vessels and tissues

what is glycemic control

plasma glucose homeostasis

what is insulin

functions to decrease plasma glucose when elevated

what is glucagon

functions to increase plasma glucose when its suppressed

What senses high glucose levels (what is the sensor)

pancreatic beta cells

Insulin is released from where

pancreatic beta cells

What are the effectors when glucose is high? (glucose is taken up by what?)

insulin sensitive cells

What senses low glucose levels (what is the sensor)

pancreatic alpha cells

Glucagon is released from where?

pancreatic alpha cells

what are the effectors when glucose is low?

hepatocytes

when glucagon binds to the hepatocytes (receptors on the liver), the glucagon undergoes _________ and________ before glucose is released into the ECF

glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis

Plasma glucose is homeostatically controlled which means it is a ______ feedback loop

negative

What occurs following a meal

1. carbs digested and glucose enters bloodstream

2. blood glucose increases and taken up by beta cells

3. insulin released into blood stream

4. insulin binds to receptors

5. insulin signals to take in glucose by bringing GLUT4 to surface

6. Glucose enters cells via GLUT4, blood glucose decreases

Insulin receptors are found on insulin sensitive cells that are primarily ______ and _____ cells

skeletal muscle, fat

When blood glucose is high, insulin also strongly inhibits the release of _____ from the liver and the release of _____

glucose, glucagon

When insulin binds to an insulin receptor, insulin signals GLUT4 to translocate from the _____ to the ______

Golgi, cell membrane

plasma glucose enters cell moving _____ its chemical gradient

down

Glucose is not the only regulator of insulin in healthy people. Food in the GI tract signals the release of _______ hormones

incretin

glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1) stimulate ______ release and inhibit ______ release which is known as the ________ _____

insulin, glucagon, incretin effect

During exercise, insulin release is _______

inhibited

What occurs during a period of hypoglycemia in a healthy person

- insulin secretion decreases due to low glucose, GIP, and GLP-1

- glucagon is released primarily due to low insulin and low glucose

- Glucagon stimulates the release of liver glucose to help restore blood glucose level

Following a meal, there is a normal period of hyperglycemia that is corrected by the

increased release of insulin

following a fast, a drop in blood glucose will be corrected by the

increased release of glucagon

if blood glucose is too high for too long what occurs

gradual but progressive damage to blood vessels and tissues; severity dependent on duration and degree of hyperglycemia

How fast does hyperglycemic damage occur

occurs over years

if blood glucose is too low for too long what happens (70-50 mg/ml)

shakiness, dizziness, nauseated, sweaty, irritable, weakness, nervousness, headache

if blood glucose is too low for too long what happens (

neural dysfunction, loss of consciousness, seizure, coma, death

How fast does hypoglycemic damage occur

within minutes

How are type I and II DM different

differentiated by the mechanism leading to hyperglycemia, treatment and specific concerns