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How was wheat production increased?
By the invention of the twine binder (1870s) and the in the 1880s by the combine. Farms basically turned into grain factories
What was Mechanism of Agriculture?
Development of engine-driven machines like the combine which helped to increase the productivity of farms. (early 1800s)
What is a one-crop economy?
When Western farmers relied on one crop (wheat/corn). Farmers relied on the price of their single product, which was unpredictable and out of their control.
What happened in the late 1800s regarding the economy and its effect on farmers?
Deflation caused the relative prices of crops to decrease, causing thousands of farms to foreclose. This led some farmers to become tenant farmers, renting instead of owning the land that they farmed.
What also happened in the late 1800s regarding only farmers? (list multiple things)
There was poor soil and often droughts, farmers sold their products into an unprotected market and bought tariff-protected goods, they were at the mercy of various monopolistic corporations.
What was the National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry (also known as the Grange)?
Created by Oliver H. Kelley 1867, it was a way to enhance the lives of isolated farmers through social, educational, and fraternal activities. They also sought to improve farmers’ collective troubles by establishing cooperatively owned stores for consumers and grain elevators.
What were Grange Laws?
Grange members who tried to force public control of private business for the general welfare.
What was the Greenback Labor Party?
They sought to improve the working conditions of laborer’s.
What was the Farmers’ Alliance?
Created in the late 1870s, farmers cooperated in buying and selling to gain control over the railroads and manufacturers.
What was a negative to the Farmers’ Alliance?
The Alliance had limited power because it excluded blacks and landless tenant farmers.
What was the Colored Farmers' National Alliance?
Formed in the 1880s, it was similar to the Farmers’ Alliance but focused on attracting blacks.
What was the People’s Party/Populists?
Formed from frustrated farmers in the West and South. Farmers wanted a graduated income (tax increases as wealth increases), government ownership of the railroads, telegraph, and telephone, one-term limit on the presidency, immigration restriction, shorter workdays.
What was the Homestead Strike?
In 1892 when violent worker strikes sufficed, causing battle between the strikers and federal troops. This caused the Populists to gain some support from industrial workers.
What was a main reason why the Populist party did not win in the election of 1892?
The party supported the black community and felt they should vote. The party counted on many black votes from the South, but literacy tests and poll taxes prevented blacks from voting in the South.
What was the Panic of 1893?
The worst economic depression in the 1800s. It was caused by overbuilding, over-speculation, and the agricultural depression.
What was the grandfather clause?
Regulation in the south that exempted from voting requirements to anyone who could prove that his ancestors could vote in 1860. Blacks were mostly still slave at the time, so they couldn’t. This favored the whites.
What was the Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890?
Created by Benjamin Harrison, it forced the government to purchase a certain amount of silver every month. Many farmers pushed for the Act so they could pay off their debts with inflated money. This caused the government to drain their gold treasury, causing President Cleveland to repeal this.
What was the Wilson-Gorman Tariff of 1894?
It lowered tariffs and added a 2% tax on incomes over $4,000. HOWEVER, The Supreme Court ruled income taxes unconstitutional in 1895.
What was the negative to repealing the Wilson-Gorman Tariff of 1894?
The democrats lost a ton of public support (and the president), causing the Republicans to gain control of the House.
What was the Pullman Strike?
In 1894, A strike by railroad workers upset by wage cuts. It was led by Eugene Debs. Eventually, President Hayes intervened and federal troops forced an end to the strike.
Who did each party select in the election of 1896? (What was the Republican campaign mangers name)
Republicans: William McKinley. Marcus Alonzo Hanna was McKinley's influential campaign manager who felt that the government should aid business.
The Democratic candidate was William Jennings Bryan. He supported inflation through the unlimited coinage of silver, which caused many Populists to support him as a candidate.
Who won the election of 1896? Where did most of the votes come from for each candidate?
William McKinley won. Most of his votes came from the East.
William Bryan’s votes came from South and West. Some from the East because they did not favor inflation.
What was the fourth-party system?
Used during 1896-1932 when Republicans had a tight group on the White House and issues like industrial regulation and labor concerns were the main issues.
What was the Dingley Tariff Bill?
Passed in 1897, it instituted high tariff rates to generate revenue to cover the annual Treasury deficits.
What was The Gold Standard Act of 1900?
It allowed for paper currency to be redeemed for gold.
What does laissez-faire mean?
Allow to do. The government did not regulate the power of businesses.
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