Week 9 Part 1 - Framingham Heart Study and Myocardial Infarctions

___________ involves analyzing a person's specific response to diet and activity.

metabolic profiling

Red meat is high in __________, which can be converted to homocysteine by transamination in the liver.

methionine

The conversion of homocysteine back to methionine requires adequate levels of __________ vitamins.

B

__________ is an amino acid associated with diets high in red meat and is produced when methionine is metabolized in the liver.

homocysteine

Vitamins __________, __________, and __________ help break down homocysteine or convert it back to methionine.

B6, B9 (folate), B12

High homocysteine levels can lead to vascular __________, increasing the risk of dementia, heart attack, CV disease, and stroke by damaging the lining of arteries.

Inflammation

Regular use of alcohol increases __________ BP.

systolic

Resveratrol in grapes contain __________, which was thought to be key to longevity.

antioxidants

Studies found that it is not possible to absorb the recommended amount of __________ by drinking wine.

resveratrol

The risk of alcohol use outweighs the benefits, as it is a risk factor for __________.

dementia

Dietary modifications may take a long time to show results, while __________ are quicker in impacting cholesterol levels.

statins

Gaining and losing weight repeatedly doubles the arterial exposure to ___________ and ____________.

LDL and triglycerides

Refined __________ can spike glucose levels.

carbohydrates

__________ contain micronutrients, antioxidants, and fill you up with fewer calories due to their low glycemic index.

complex carbs

To maintain the cardiovascular system, it is recommended to exercise __________ hours per week.

2-3

Exercise can help lower ________ levels and increase ________ levels by promoting the consumption of fat by muscles.

LDL, HDL

__________ fat is used for energy storage and thermoregulation.

subcutaneous

"Beige adipocytes" are __________ to metabolize and are protected from metabolic disease.

harder

When subcutaneous fat fills to capacity, fat is added to the __________ component.

visceral

__________ fat mobilizes rapidly and is known as labile fat because it's easier to metabolize.

Intraperitoneal/Visceral

Visceral fat is __________ in nature and increases free fatty acids and LDL.

inflammatory

____________ visceral fat increases the risk of metabolic disease.

increased

Subcutaneous fat is __________ in color due to a mix between white adipose tissue and brown adipose tissue.

beige

The __________ in brown fat cells are responsible for generating heat and providing energy.

mitochondria

Visceral fat is composed of __________ adipose tissue and fills the intraperitoneal cavity.

white

White adipose tissue (WAT) is specialized for __________ storage.

energy

White adipose tissue (WAT) will secrete proinflammatory cytokines like __________ and __________.

TNF and IL-6

Visceral fat is highly associated with __________, especially Alzheimer's disease.

dementia

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is characterized by __________ to insulin.

resistance

When you eat, food is converted to __________, which enters the bloodstream.

sugar

The pancreas responds to elevated blood sugar by secreting __________ to help move the sugar from the blood to the cells.

insulin

Glucose is taken up by fat cells and stored as __________ and converted to __________.

glycogen, triglycerides

__________ occurs when fat is compressed or inflamed, which can activate the insulin receptor but prevent sugar uptake.

resistance

As insulin resistance continues, the pancreas releases more __________ to try to get the sugar into cells.

insulin

Over time, the pancreas wears out from releasing more insulin, and blood sugar levels __________.

increase

__________ acts like norepinephrine, causing vasoconstriction, raising TPR, and increasing blood pressure.

nicotine

Nicotine promotes endothelial cell __________, which thickens the intima.

proliferation

__________ is a toxic heavy metal in tobacco smoke that generates free radicals and causes inflammation.

cadmium

Cadmium causes __________ dysfunction and cell death by disrupting intercellular adhesion and molecules.

endothelial

__________ is a product of incomplete combustion that is harmful to the myocardium and brain.

carbon monoxide

Carbon monoxide binds to the __________ of hemoglobin and displaces O2.

heme