EXAM 3 official

stress response

stress response

a complex series of hormonal and metabolic changes that occur to enable the body to adapt to stressors

nutritional goals for... (idk Jamey talked at the speed of light)

Achieve and maintain fluid and electrolyte balance; minimize body protein catabolism; and meet calorie, protein, and micronutrient needs

excessive cortisol damage

Excess cortisol inhibits protein synthesis even when protein intake is high, promotes insulin resistance, contributes to hyperglycemia, and suppresses immune response

3 systemic responses of inflammation

anorexia, fever, lethargy, and weight loss

hypermetabolism

A higher-than-normal metabolism

Refeeding Syndrome

potentially fatal complication that occurs from an abrupt change from a catabolic state to an anabolic state and increase in insulin caused by a dramatic increase in carbohydrate intake

10 Current research on protein and micronutrients regarding critically ill people

The need for protein is higher than the need for calories, it’s important for wound healing, supporting immune function, and maintaining lean body mass. Antioxidant micronutrients supplements and vitamins are recommended to be given in doses of 5-10 times DRI

what is anorexia

Lack of appetite; side effect of medications & mental issues

dysphagia

difficulty swallowing

Goal of nutrition therapy for dysphagia

To modify the texture of foods and/or viscosity of liquids to promote safe and efficient swallowing, allowing the client to achieve adequate nutrition and hydration while decreasing the risk of aspiration

GERD and the triggers and risk factors

Gastroesophageal reflux disease, there is a back flow of gastric acid into the esophagus

• Citrus, alcohol, and carbonated beverages

• Obesity is an important risk factor for GERD

what is gastroparesis and the dietary restrictions

Delayed gastric emptying, a chronic motility disorder of the stomach that can cause nausea, vomiting, bloating early satiety, and upper abdominal pain

• LIMIT FIBER

complications post gastrectomy

Iron deficiency anemia, vitamin B12 deficiency, bone disease

Define celiac disease and nutritional concerns

chronic inflammation of the proximal small intestine mucosa related to a permanent intolerance to certain gluten-forming proteins found in wheat, barley, and rye. -Iron, folic acid, B6, B12, vitamin D, copper, and zinc

define IBD and nutritional concerns

inflammatory bowel disease -Risk of malnutrition

what does fiber do for our gut

Decreases stool weight, bulk, and pulls water into stool and creates a softer stool; increase motility of colon

rapid transit time of diarrhea disallows the absorption of...

water, sodium, and potassium

what are 3 GI conditions that may cause lactase deficiencies

infectious gastroenteritis, IBD, celiac disease

why is gluten intolerance a rising issue

higher participation has increased he protein content in gluten, which is causing more gluten intolerance, this part of the seed has been increased by 25%

what is FODMAP and why are we talking about it

group of carbs that have been identified to cause problems in some people's guts that rapidly ferments

diverticulitis

inflammation of diverticula

• triggered by red meats, obesity, and weight gain in adulthood

why is liver damage so dangerous

depleted ability to metabolize nutrients

ileostomy deficiency risk

calcium, magnesium, iron, vitamin B12

colostomy deficiency risks

little to none

diabetes

one of the most costly and burdensome chronic diseases of our time the body's inability to produce or respond to insulin resulting in the abnormal metabolism of carbs

what macronutrients are impacted by diabetes

carbohydrates

Type 1 diabetes

insulin dependent

type 2 diabetes

no supplemental insulin; yes lifestyle changes

polyuria

excessive urine production

polydipsia

excessive thirst

polyphagia

excessive appetite

what causes type 1 diabetes

genetics

what causes type 2 diabetes

obesity and lifestyle

prevalence of type 1 diabetes

5-10%

prevalence of type 2 diabetes

90-95%

know how to figure an insulin dose w/ICR ratio

dumb it down for Alyssa: 1 unit of insulin per every 15 grams of carbs eaten -50 g carbs eaten / 15 = 3.3 bolus

microvascular effects of diabetes

retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy

macrovascular effects of diabetes

cardiovascular disease, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (#1 cause of death for diabetics), peripheral vascular disease, gangrene, impaired wound healing, periodontal disease, increased susceptibility to other illnesses

hypoglycemia is caused by

overuse of medication, too little food, or too much exercise can be just as life-threatening

define DKA

o Characterized by hyperglycemia and ketonemia o DKA is presenting symptom when type 1 is diagnosed, type 2 rarely gets DKA; treated with electrolytes, fluid, and insulin o If corrected too quickly cerebral edema can occur

What is causing diabetes 2 in youth

o Risk factors for type 2 diabetes in youth include: adiposity, family history, female, low socioeconomic status, and certain ethnicities and racial minorities o Weight control is key to prevention

What is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide

ASCVD

ASCD modifiable risk factors

Healthy eating pattern, adequate physical activity, and avoidance of tobacco

purpose of life simple 7

To improve cardiovascular health

best diet for cardiovascular health and literally everything

Mediterranean

potassium intake to promote cardiac health

4600 mg/day

sodium intake to promote cardiac health

<2300 mg/day

HDL normal

40 and <50

LDL normal

<100

Know the _/ symptoms qualify for diagnoses of metabolic syndrome

3/5 Elevated triglycerides, decreased HDL, raised BP, raised fasting blood glucose, raised central obesity

cachexia

A wasting syndrome characterized by loss of lean tissue and muscle mass and bone mass