BIOL 2460 Scientists

Hippocrates

• 460-370 BC

• disease not caused by supernatural

• Father of Western Medicine

Thucydides

• 460-395 BC

• Athenian plague: early observation of immunity

• Father of Scientific History

Marcus Terentius Varro

• 116-27 BC

• minute animals in swamps

• proposed that we cannot see what causes disease

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

• 1632-1723

• observed “animalcules” in raindrops

• Father of Microbiology

Louis Pasteur

• 1822-1895

• fermentation, pasteurization, spoilage of microbes

• vaccines

Robert Koch

• 1843-1910

• connecting pathogen with disease

• postulates

Carolus Linaeus

• 1707-1778

• Systema Naturae

• Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

• famous taxonomist

Ernst Haekel

• 1834-1919

• proposed four kingdoms

• adding protist and monera

• famous taxonomist

Robert Whittaker

• 1920-1980

• proposed fifth kingdom

• fungi

• famous taxonomist

Carl Woese

• 1912-1928

• three domains

• bacteria, archaea, eukarya

• famous taxonomist

George Fox

• 1945

• molecular techniques (rRNA)

• famous taxonomist

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

utilized 1st simple microscope

Galileo Galilei

used a compound microscope

Robert Hooke

• 1635-1703

• first to describe cells using compound microscope and observing cork cells

• cells - latin for “small room”

Hans and Zacharias Janssen

may have invented the simple and compound microscope

Francesco Redi

• 1668

• believed spontaneous generation was false

• demonstrated that maggots come from eggs of flies

John Needman

• 1745

• believed spontaneous generation was true

• broth was boiled to kill microbes but they still grew

• life must originate from “life force”

Lazzaro Spallanzani

• 1740s

• believed spontaneous generation was false

• replicated Redi & Needman experiments

Louis Pasteur

• 1850s

• believed spontaneous generation was false

• swan neck experiment: showed that organisms arise from pre-existing organism

• alhumbert prize

Robert Hooke

• 1665

• cork tissue

• cell theory tenet #1

Matthias Schleidan

• 1838

• plant tissue

• cell theory tenet #1

Theodor Schwann

• 1839

• compared animal and plant cells

• cell theory tenet #1

Robert Remak

• 1852

• cells come from other cells (i.e. cell division)

• cell theory tenet #2

Rudolf Virchow

• 1855

• published “Cellular Pathology”

• “all cells arise from other cells”

• cell theory tenet #2

Konstain Mereschkowski

• 1905

• chloroplasts have their own DNA

• endosymbiotic theory

Ivan Wallin

• 1926

• mitochondria have their own DNA

• endosymbiotic theory

Lynn Margulis

• 1967-1981

• used DNA, fossil, biochemical, organelle etc. evidence to support endosymbiotic theory

Girolamo Fracastoro

• 1546

• seed-like spores transferred between people

• germ theory of disease

Ignaz Semmelweis

• 1847

• puerperal fever and handwashing

• germ theory of disease

John Snow

• 1848

• cholera contaminated water in London

• germ theory of disease

Louis Pasteur

• 1856

• microbe food spoilage = human spoilage

• germ theory of disease

Joseph Lister

• 1867

• postsurgical mortality and carbolic acid

• germ theory of disease

Robert Koch

• 1884

• postulates to establish causative agent

• germ theory of disease