SET 1: Kaiser Wilhelm & difficulties of ruling Germany

What were the key difficulties in ruling Germany under Kaiser Wilhelm II?

Germany was not fully democratic:

-Kaiser controlled army and foreign policy;

-Chancellor not accountable to Reichstag;

-Bundesrat could block laws;

-growing tension between authoritarian rule and democratic pressure (1890–1914)

How did parliamentary government grow in Germany by 1912?

Reichstag gained influence over laws and budget; SPD became largest party in 1912 (110 seats), showing rising demand for democracy despite limited power

What was Prussian militarism and its impact?

Army held high status and influence over policy; military spending prioritised; limited democracy as generals influenced decisions (1890–1914)

What was the impact of industrialisation in Germany (1890–1914)?

Coal production doubled and steel tripled by 1910; created large working class; increased support for socialism and political reform

What social reforms existed and what were their official names?

Health Insurance Act 1883, Accident Insurance Act 1884, Old Age and Disability Insurance Law 1889, extended by National Insurance Code 1911; aimed to reduce worker unrest but failed to stop SPD growth

Why did socialism grow despite reforms?

SPD gained 110 seats by 1912 due to poor working conditions, low wages, and desire for political power beyond limited reforms

What were the Navy Laws and why were they important?

Naval Laws of 1898, 1900, 1906, 1908, 1912 expanded navy to rival Britain; increased nationalism but worsened relations with Britain