AP Human Geography Unit Reviews

Flashcards for vocabulary review for AP Human Geography Units 1, 2, 3, and 4.

Mercator Map Projection

Navigation, Preserves direction, Distorts size

Robinson Map Projection

General use, Everything slightly distorted but is balanced

GIS (Geographic Information System)

Computer that captures spatial data

GPS (Global Positioning System)

Determines precise locations

Formal Region

Normal borders, Government made

Functional Region

Around a node

Vernacular or Perceptual Region

What people think, example: Midwest

National Scale of Analysis

Countries, U.S.

Local Scale of Analysis

States, Inside countries, counties and cities, Bradenton, FL

Regional Scale of Analysis

Regions of the world or a country, the southern U.S.

Global Scale of Analysis

Entire world data

Arithmetic Density

Total people/total land

Physiological Density

People/arable land

Agricultural Density

Farmers/arable land

Urban Sprawl

Growth of urban or suburban areas into countryside

Demographic Characteristics

Age, gender, ethnicity, jobs

Dependency Ratio

How many people the society needs to support: 0-14 and 65+

CBR/CDR (Crude Birth Rate/Crude Death Rate)

Number of births/deaths per year for every 1,000 people

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

The average number of children a women will have

Infant Mortality Rate

Babies less than 1 dying per 1000

Primary Sector

Extracting natural resources

Secondary Sector

Manufacture raw materials

Tertiary Sector

Providing services

Quaternary Sector

Technology and high skill

Quinary Sector

Highest level decision making

Malthusian Theory

Population will grow faster than the food production

Ravenstien's Laws of Migration

Migration happens for economic reasons and are mostly in younger people without children, rural to urban

Gravity Model

Larger cities and distance influence the migration between cities

Push Factors

Negative situations or factors that influence people moving away, emigration

Pull Factors

Positive situations or factors that influence people coming to a place, immigration

Refugee

Forced to leave home, crossed border to escape

Internally Displaced Person

Stay inside of country but still forced to leave

Asylum Seekers

People trying to get refugee status

Transnational Migration

Country to country

Chain Migration

Follow family

Step Migration

Migration in stages

Transhumance

Seasonal movement of livestock

Brain Drain

Lots of smart people leave because no opportunities.

Material Culture

Physical objects referring to culture- food, clothes

Non-Material Culture

Intangible elements- religion, music

Cultural Taboo

Heavily discouraged

Ethnocentrism

Belief that own culture is superior to others, analyzing culture through your own lens

Cultural Relativism

Not judging other cultures, view in their lens

Indigenous Culture

Tied to a specific region, passed down through generations

Folk Culture

Communities

Cultural Landscape

Refers to architecture and how the resources are used and reflect the culture of an area, shaped by historical events

Sequent Occupancy

How different people and cultures left a mark on geographic location

Built Environment

Human made physical surrounding in an area

Human Characteristics

Birth rate, age, languages, religions

Physical Characteristics

Rivers, mountains, vegetation

Sense of Place

Emotional connection or perception people have to a specific geographic area

Centripetal Forces

Bring communities together

Centrifugal Forces

Divide and force people apart

Relocation Diffusion

Movement of people

Contagious Diffusion

Spread in all directions without regard to social class or religion

Hierarchical Diffusion

Spreads through power of government, Big-small gov.

Reverse Diffusion

Opposite of hierarchical diffusion

Stimulus Diffusion

Spread but is adopted and changed by the people who adapt the idea

Distance Decay

Farther away places are, less interaction

Time Space Compression

Improved technology has increased communication, far away places interact

Colonialism

The policy or practice of acquiring full or partial political control over another country, occupying it with settlers, and exploiting it economically

Imperialism

Same as colonialism, but not establishing settlements

Lingua Franca

Common language used by individuals whose native language is different

Monotheistic Religion

Belief in one God

Polytheistic Religion

Belief in multiple gods

Hearth

The original place of an idea or culture

Creolization

Process of two cultures or languages coming together to create a new one

Globalization

Everywhere is interconnected in the world

Cultural Divergence

Individuals are separated from the different aspects of their culture

Cultural Convergence

Different cultures merge to form one mass culture, form of modern or global culture

Universalizing Religion

Seek to appeal to all people and apply to everyone

Ethnic Religion

Only people who are born into the religion are in it, they don’t try to convert people

Dialect

Variety of languages

Assimilation

Individual or group of people adopt the cultural norms and practices of a dominant group in society

Acculturation

Individual or group adopts and adapts certain cultural traits of another culture

Syncretism

Two or more cultures evolve or change over time in a similar manner but remain distant

Multiculturalism

Society has a large diversity of cultures that co-exist within the society

State

Place with permanent population, country

Sovereignty

The authority to govern itself

Nation

Group of people with shared culture, language, history

Self-Determination

Right or desire for a nation to govern themselves

Autonomous Region

Area that is located within a state with high degree of self-rule

Semi-Autonomous Region

Some right for self-govern, but not full and still controlled by the state

Colonialism

Practice of acquiring territories and settling there to exert economic, political, and social control over the area

Imperialism

Idea of growing a state or empire by exerting force over nations to gain power without establishing settlements

Decolonization

Colonies gain independence from colonizing countries

Devolution

Transfer of power from national to regional governments

Territoriality

How people use space to communicate ownership of territory that connects to their culture, economic system, or political interest

Neocolonialism

Use of political, cultural, or economic power to influence or control other countries

Shatter Belt

Area where countries or people are subjected to political, cultural, and economic pressure from external powers that are in conflict with each other

Demilitarized Zone

Area between two states which cannot be occupied or used for military purposes

Choke Point

Strategic narrow route providing passage through or to another region

Defined Boundary

Boundaries set by law

Delimited Boundary

Boundaries marked on maps

Demarcated Boundary

Physical boundary markers

Administered Boundary

Boundaries enforced by governments

Relic Boundary

Old boundaries with no modern function

Superimposed Boundary

Boundaries imposed by external powers

Subsequent/Consequent Boundary

Boundaries based on ethnic/language makeup

Antecedent Boundary

Boundaries established before settlement