HHD Unit 2 TERMS AND DEFINITIONS W1-11

What are the 8 stages of the human lifespan?

Prenatal; infancy; early childhood; late childhood; youth; early adulthood; middle adulthood; late adulthood

What is the prenatal stage?

The period from conception to birth lasting approximately 38 weeks when major organs and body structures develop

What is infancy?

The lifespan stage from birth to 2 years characterised by rapid physical growth and development of motor and language skills

What is early childhood?

The lifespan stage from 2 to 6 years characterised by steady physical growth and development of social skills

What is late childhood?

The lifespan stage from 6 to 12 years characterised by physical social emotional and intellectual development and improved motor skills

What is youth?

The lifespan stage from 12 to 18 years characterised by puberty sexual maturity increased independence and increasingly complex relationships

What is early adulthood?

The lifespan stage from 18 to 40 years characterised by maintaining the body developing careers and forming relationships

What is middle adulthood?

The lifespan stage from 40 to 65 years characterised by physical ageing increased stability and changing family and social roles

What is late adulthood?

The lifespan stage from 65 years to death characterised by retirement changing social roles and possible increased need for assistance

What is perception?

How the brain interprets sensory information such as what a person sees hears or feels

What is perspective?

A person’s point of view shaped by their personal experiences beliefs and position

What is one way to remember perception?

Perception is like coloured glasses because it affects how a person interprets what they experience

What is one way to remember perspective?

Perspective is like a person’s physical position because changing position can change what they see

What are six factors that influence perceptions?

Cultural background and values; past experiences; social influence; personal experiences; current physical mental and emotional state; media

How can cultural background influence perceptions?

A person’s culture values beliefs and traditions can influence how they view people and situations

How can past experiences influence perceptions?

Previous experiences can shape how a person interprets similar people situations or events

How can social influence affect perceptions?

Friends family peers and society can influence how a person views people and situations

How can a person’s own experiences influence perceptions?

Personal experiences can create beliefs and attitudes that affect how situations are interpreted

How can physical mental and emotional state influence perceptions?

A person’s current physical mental and emotional condition can change how they interpret situations

How can media influence perceptions?

Media can present particular ideas images or stereotypes that influence how people view others and situations

What are some positive perceptions of youth?

Youth can be seen as energetic creative adaptable passionate and capable of making a difference

What are some negative perceptions of youth?

Youth can be viewed as irresponsible self-centred easily influenced by peers or rebellious

What are some positive perceptions of adulthood?

Adults can be viewed as independent capable responsible reliable financially stable and able to contribute to society

What are some negative perceptions of adulthood?

Adults can be viewed as stressed boring resistant to change work-obsessed or dependent on others in late adulthood

What are the four characteristics of development?

Physical intellectual emotional and social development

What is physical development?

Changes in the body and body systems including growth and development of organs

What is growth?

An increase in the size of the body or its parts caused by cell division and development

When do bodies and organs generally grow until?

Bodies and organs generally grow until the end of puberty

When does physical development generally peak?

Physical development generally peaks in the mid-20s before gradually declining

When does bone density peak?

Bone density generally peaks at around age 25

What happens to the growth plates during development?

Growth plates eventually fuse when physical growth is completed

What happens to the cardiovascular system during development?

The heart grows and becomes more efficient which can lower resting heart rate

What happens to the respiratory system during puberty?

Lung capacity increases which can improve stamina and endurance

What happens to the reproductive system during puberty?

The reproductive system becomes active and sexual maturity occurs

What are primary sex characteristics?

Physical characteristics involving the reproductive organs that are directly involved in reproduction

What are secondary sex characteristics?

Physical characteristics that develop during puberty but are not directly involved in reproduction

What is an example of a female secondary sex characteristic?

Widening of the hips

What is an example of a male secondary sex characteristic?

Broadening of the shoulders

What is gross motor development?

Development involving large muscle movements such as walking running throwing and cycling

What is fine motor development?

Development involving small precise muscle movements such as writing using scissors and tying shoelaces

What is intellectual development?

The development of a person’s ability to think reason understand and solve problems

What is problem-solving development?

The ability to consider different possibilities recognise grey areas and use abstract thinking

How does language develop?

Vocabulary grammar memory and communication skills become more advanced through reading conversation and exposure to media

How does attention and focus develop?

The ability to concentrate and filter distractions generally improves

How does creativity develop?

The ability to generate new ideas and think outside the box develops and can be strengthened through activities such as music art and poetry

How does memory and recall develop?

Memory and recall generally improve as the brain develops through adolescence and early adulthood

What is emotional development?

The development of the ability to understand express and manage emotions

What is self-concept?

A person’s understanding of themselves including their strengths weaknesses and personal qualities

How can a strong self-concept affect a person?

It can increase confidence in their identity

What does developing a wider range of emotions involve?

Understanding and experiencing increasingly complex emotions such as jealousy and frustration

What is appropriate emotional expression?

Communicating emotions in socially suitable ways rather than through impulsive or aggressive behaviour

What is resilience?

The ability to recover from or adapt to difficult situations using effective coping strategies

What are some strategies that can support resilience?

Deep breathing positive self-talk and being flexible

What is the difference between emotional development and emotional health and wellbeing?

Emotional development is the growth of emotional skills over time while emotional health and wellbeing involves applying those skills in a specific situation

What is social development?

The development of the ability to interact with others adapt to social situations and build healthy relationships

What are everyday social behaviours?

Behaviours such as sharing taking turns and using polite language

How do social roles develop?

People take on increasingly complex roles such as employee partner student and family member

What are healthy relationship skills?

Empathy cooperation communication and conflict resolution

How does communication develop socially?

People increasingly interact with different groups and learn to navigate relationships both online and in person

What is a relationship?

A connection between two or more people or groups involving interaction over time

What is a friendship relationship?

A relationship that can provide joy laughter support and companionship

What is a family relationship?

A relationship that can shape identity and provide love guidance and support

What is a romantic relationship?

A relationship involving deep intimacy and sharing thoughts dreams and feelings

What is a professional relationship?

A relationship with people such as colleagues supervisors doctors or other professionals

What is an online relationship?

A relationship developed through platforms such as social media or online gaming

What is a teacher or coach relationship?

A relationship that can provide education skills guidance and support for personal development

What is an acquaintance?

A casual connection with someone in the community who is not a close friend

How can relationships with pets or animals benefit people?

They can provide companionship reduce stress and encourage physical activity

What is empathy?

The ability to understand and support another person’s feelings without judgement

What is communication?

The ability to express needs thoughts and feelings while actively listening to others

What is trust?

The belief that another person has your best interests in mind

What is respect?

Valuing another person’s opinions boundaries choices and feelings

What is equality?

Treating people as equal partners and making decisions together

What is equity?

Providing people with what they individually need to achieve fairness

What are other qualities of healthy relationships?

Support honesty and loyalty

What are some red flags of an unhealthy relationship?

Lack of respect dishonesty manipulation controlling behaviour and emotional control

How can controlling behaviour appear in a relationship?

It can include restricting friendships controlling clothing or style and trying to control another person’s choices

What is consent?

Clear voluntary and ongoing permission for physical intimacy or activities

What is affirmative consent?

Consent that is actively communicated through words or actions

Can consent be withdrawn?

Yes consent can be withdrawn at any time

Does silence mean consent?

No silence does not mean consent

Does freezing or not resisting mean consent?

No freezing or lack of resistance does not mean consent

Does clothing imply consent?

No clothing never implies consent

Does location imply consent?

No a person’s location never implies consent

Does previous sexual activity imply consent?

No previous sexual activity never implies consent

What is a parent’s responsibility for basic needs?

To provide nutritious food safe shelter and clothing

What is a parent’s responsibility for safety?

To provide a safe environment through supervision childproofing and injury prevention

What is a parent’s responsibility for development?

To support the child’s physical social emotional and intellectual development

What is a parent’s responsibility for role modelling?

To model positive values beliefs attitudes and behaviours

What are the four key principles of children’s rights?

Non-discrimination; best interests of the child; survival and development; views of the child

What does non-discrimination mean for children?

Children should not be discriminated against

What does best interests mean for children?

Decisions should prioritise what is best for the child

What does survival and development mean for children?

Children have the right to survive and develop

What does views of the child mean?

Children have the right to express their views and have them considered

What are social supports for new parents?

Support such as babysitting meals parenting classes and help from family friends or community

What are emotional supports for new parents?

Support such as therapy support groups and trusted loved ones

What is Paid Parental Leave?

A government payment that helps replace lost income while eligible parents take parental leave

What is PANDA?

A service providing free helpline and counselling support for perinatal anxiety and depression

What is Pregnancy Birth and Baby?

A service providing free phone and video advice from registered maternal and child health nurses

What is the Raising Children Network?

An online service providing evidence-based information about child development and parenting