Art History: Survey of Indian Art and Architecture P1

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49 Terms

1

anthropomorphic

depiction of human-like figure.

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2

solid lost wax casting

figure sculpted, covered in clay with hollow channels, wax melted out, molten bronze poured in, clay mold broken. broken mold = one of a kind.

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3

torsion

the action/state of twisting/being twisted. adds dimensionality around ENTIRE figure.

<p>the action/state of twisting/being twisted. adds dimensionality around ENTIRE figure.</p>
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4

prana

vital breath. represented in the gut; "full of air."

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5

Shramana

"one who labors or toils." 3 Indic traditions: Ajivika, Jainism, Buddhism. Do not accept authority of Vedas.

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6

ahimsa

non-harm. respect for all beings, avoiding physical/mental violence.

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7

Tirthankara (Jinas)

"ford-maker," enlightened human who crosses bridge of samsara, victorious. 24 in Jainism. not gods.

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8

Bitumen

natural, sticky substance. used to waterproof, like a sealant; asphalt.

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9

fetish

small, handmade object imbued with supernatural powers; transportable.

<p>small, handmade object imbued with supernatural powers; transportable.</p>
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10

zoomorphic

depiction of animal-like figure.

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11

Digambara

"sky-clad," male monastic order that shuns all property and wears no clothes. Jainism.

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12

Shvetambara

"white-clad," monastic order (monks AND nuns) that wear minimal white clothing for modesty. Jainism.

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13

Vedas

"knowledge," sacred texts of Vedic people.

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14

Unpanishad

"to sit near," a series of texts that reinterpret/reevaluate the Vedas. Led to Shramana.

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15

Trimurti

"3 embodiments," Bramha, Vishnu, and Shiva. Hinduism.

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16

mudra

any symbolic/ritual gesture (usually made with hands and fingers) used to indicate a specific meaning.

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17

itihasa

"histories." Includes the Mahabharata, the
Ramayana, and the Puranas. Believed to at least be based on actual historical events.

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18

avatara

anthropomorphic/zoomorphic incarnation/manifestation of a diety on earth. in Hindu, most associated with Vishnu.

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19

puranas

"of the ancient," a vast series of texts covering numerous topics. composed as early as 4th cen. CE, but origins are much older.

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20

vahana

a vehicle/conveyance used to carry/transport a god. often the form of an animal (ex: Shiva=bull, Zeus=eagle).

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21

Mauryan polish

mirror-like finish applied to sandstone/granite monuments during the Mauryan period. acts as protective seal. stayed in practice several centuries after the collapse of the Mauryan Empire.

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22

dharmachakra

"Wheel of the Dharma." Dharma=universal "law/practice." describes the teachings of Buddha, represented by a spoked wheel.

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23

chaitya arch (chandrashala)

"moon house," or horse-shoe shaped arches often on faccades of Buddhist Chaityas (shrine halls). Represent a transistion between wooden and stone architecture (ex: the lattice).

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24

stupa

a rounded mound structure that contains relics, a type of chaitya. can be miniature or monumental form.

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25

chaitya hall

a hall that contains a chaitya, a type of shrine hall.

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26

vihara

a monastery. either free-standing (structural) or rock-cut (monolithic).

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27

chhatri

a parasol/umbrella, sometimes multi-tiered. ancient Indic tradition of royalty, protection, and honor. placed atop stupa, acts as sacred/divine lightning rod.

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28

pradakshina patha

a walkway that surrounds an image/shrine/building to be used for circumambulation (walking all the way around someone/thing). Indic tradition, clockwise=veneration/reverence.

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29

darshana

auspicious Indic tradition of reciprocal sight. looking at a sacred object/person, and in turn having their energy reabsorbed back into the viewer; to see and be seen.

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30

vajrasana

"the lightning seat," or "adamantine (diamond) throne." seat of enlightenment under Bodhi tree.

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31

vaksha

male nature spirit (fem=yakshi). minor wealth deities/guardians of secret treasures, associated with natural features. Trace back to indigenous tradition.

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32

Vedika

railing enclosing chaitya/stupa. stone modeled after wood.

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33

torana

an arch/portal/gateway. comparable to Japanese torii gates.

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34

jataka

"birth story," the narratives that detail the previous lives of Shakyamuni Buddha.

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35

iconographic program

the intentional choice and placement of specific images within a composition, either according to canonical written rules or creative liberty.

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36

dvarapala

door guardians; celestial beings or human figures that guard the entrances of shrines/chaityas/temples.

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37

maithuna figures

male AND female couples that represent fertility,
abundance, and auspiciousness.

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38

Mount Meru (Sumeru)

the celestial mountain at the center of the
Buddhist cosmos, comparable to Mount Olympus. Also in Jainism and Hinduism, but role/significance differs.

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39

trikaya system

"Three bodies." a doctrine concerning the threefold nature of Buddha-hood. primarily upheld in Mahayana and Vajrayana (tantric or esoteric) Buddhism.

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40

abhayamudra

gesture of "do not fear." hand up, facing out, open-palmed.

<p>gesture of "do not fear." hand up, facing out, open-palmed.</p>
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41

dharmachakra mudra

gesture of turning the Wheel of Dharma in motion. signifies the act of teaching buddhist principles.

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42

dashavatara

the 10 major incarnations of Vishnu

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43

nagara

the northern style of temples, typified by the inclusion of a shikara.

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44

shikara

a four-sided sloping tower on nargara temples.

<p>a four-sided sloping tower on nargara temples.</p>
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45

bhakti

selfless, devotion. a philosophical concept that became a core aspect of classical and later hinduism.

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46

fresco-secco

technique of painting on dry plaster.

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47

mandapa

a pavilion/porch-like structure supported by columns. passed through in order to enter the temple, can be attached or separate from the temple.

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48

vimana

southern-style, dravida temples. the tower placed above the Garbha-griha. straightlined, unlike curved slope of northern style shikharas. strong, horizontal steps.

<p>southern-style, dravida temples. the tower placed above the Garbha-griha. straightlined, unlike curved slope of northern style shikharas. strong, horizontal steps.</p>
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49

dravida

southern style of Indian temples. features a vimana and flat-roofed mandapa (northern style=domed/pyramid roofs).

<p>southern style of Indian temples. features a vimana and flat-roofed mandapa (northern style=domed/pyramid roofs).</p>
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