Eukaryotic Cell Organelles and Functions

Anything in parentheses you don't need to know for the quiz it's just to fully understand the defintion.

Nucleus

DNA replication, DNA synthesis; assembly of ribosomal subunits in nucleolus

(DNA replication = the replication of DNA, DNA synthesis = general process of creating new DNA, ribosomes make protein)

Rough ER: ER = endoplasmic reticulum

• Synthesis of membrane lipids and proteins, secretory proteins, and hydrolytic enzymes; formation of transportation vessels.

Smooth ER

• Organelle with no ribosomes that synthesizes lipids (and some hormones)

• Stores/regulates calcium

• Helps detoxify drugs and toxins (especially in liver cells)

Golgi Apparatus

• Modification and sorting of macromolecules

• Formation of lysosomes

• Transport vesicles (small membrane-bound sacs that transport and store substances within the cell)

Lysosomes

• Membrane‑bound organelle in eukaryotic cells

• Digestion of ingested food or bacteria

• recycling of a cell's damaged organelles and macromolecules

• In animal cells & some protists

Vacuoles

• Digestion

• Storage of chemicals and cell enlargement

• Water balance

Peroxisomes

• not part of endomembrane system

• Diverse metabolic process (involved in multiple metabolic roles)

• breakdown of hydrogen peroxide by-product

Mitochondria

Conversion of chemical energy in food to chemical energy of ATP

Chlorplasts

• In plants & algae

• Conversions of light energy to chemical of sugars

Cytoskeletons

• Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubes

• Maintenance of cell shape

• anchorage for organelles within cells

• cell movement: crawling, muscle contraction, bending of cilia and flagella

Plasma membrane

Regulate traffic in and out of cell

Extracellular Matrix

• In animals

• Support & regulation of cellular activities

Cell junctions

• Communication between cells

• Binding of cells in tissues

Cell Walls

• In plants

• Support & protection

• Binding of cells in tissues

Ribosomes

Polypeptide (protein) subunits (in nucleus)