Sport Psychology (Midterm 2)

What colour is the answer?

ORANGE

About how many Canadian children aged 5-17 participate in organized sport?

The majority (74%)

When does youth sport participation start to decline? Why?

After the age of 12 because of insecurities, puberty, school is more demanding, social-life, and part-time jobs

How long should active children be “exercising” each day?

At least 2-3 hours per day

How do kids exercise?

They don’t deliberately exercise, they get it from play

What does inactive youth result in?

Inactive youth results in inactive adults… The more active, the more healthy, and less costly for the government

What are the top 6 reasons kids play sports in order?

1. To have fun

2. To improve and learn new skills

3. To be with friends and make new ones

4. For the excitement of competition

5. To succeed or win

6. To exercise or become fit

How many objectives of youth sport are there? What are they?

3 objectives or the 3 P’s:

1. Participation

2. Personal Development

3. Performance

What is participation as an objective of youth sport?

Being physically active to enhance health

What is personal development as an objective of youth sport?

Opportunities to learn psychological skills and personal assets

What is performance as an objective of youth sport?

The learning and performance of motor skills

What are the top 5 things to consider when registering children in organized sport?

1. Physical development- does the child look like they can handle basic skills, can they go to the bathroom on their own

2. Psychological skills- can the child be away from their parent

3. Social development- Can the child wait for things and listen

4. Task demands of the sport- What is the schedule like… is practice at 7:30, but bedtime at 7

5. Parental readiness- Is the parent ready to see their kids get feedback or sit on the bench

What does research say about age guidelines or recommendations for youth sport? Why?

Research says that adults should delay children’s participation in organized sport until the early elementary school years because every benefit of organized sport- pleasure and fun, skill development, goal accomplishment- can be obtained from non-competitive instructional or play settings (non-organized sport)

What is PYD?

Positive Youth Development

What are the principles of positive youth development?

They are developmental assets: “building blocks” for humans development

What are the 2 developmental assets of the principles of positive youth development?

1. External assets

2. Internal assets

What are external assets?

They refer to things like support, empowerment, boundaries and expectations, and constructive use of time

What are internal assets?

They refer to things like commitment to learning, positive values, social competencies, and positive identity

How are relaxed leisure activities done?

Passively

What is an example of a relaxed leisure activity?

Screen time

What is the rule of thumb for relaxed leisure activities?

If there is a lot of relaxed leisure activities, like screen time, then there isn’t a lot of time for movement… you must have this every now and then but not all the time

What are constructive leisure activities?

Physical activity (PA)

What do constructive leisure activities foster?

They foster initiative in kids and they get the body moving

What do constructive leisure activities require?

They are enjoyable, but require sustained effort

What is initiative? What does it require?

Initiative is the ability to motivate from within but…

1. It has to be intrinsically motivating

2. Has to focus on a goal

3. It has to be sustainable over a period of time

What are the 4 C’s of PYD?

1. Character (caring/compassion)

2. Competence

3. Connection

4. Confidence

What are dynamic elements?

Dynamic elements are predictors

What are the 3 dynamic elements of the personal assets framework for sport?

1. Personal engagement in activities

2. Quality relationships

3. Appropriate settings

What are the 4 changes in individuals (personal assets) in the personal assets framework for sports?

They are the 4 C’s:

1. Competence

2. Confidence

3. Connection

4. Character

What are the 3 outcomes of the personal assets framework for youth sport?

They are the 3 P’s

1. Participation

2. Performance

3. Personal development

What is the order of things in the personal assets framework for youth sport?

Dynamic elements lead to changes in individuals (personal assets) which leads to the outcomes (3P’s) over a period of time

What are the considerations for youth sport?

1. Deliberate play

2. Deliberate practice

3. Early specialization

What is deliberate play?

Activities designed to maximize inherent enjoyment

What is deliberate practice?

When effective learning occurs through highly structured activities

What is early specialization?

When there is high amounts of deliberate practice and low amounts of deliberate play

What are the 2 areas you can enter into youth sport based on the development model of youth sport?

1. Sampling years

2. Early specialization and investment

What happens during the sampling years?

Playing a high number of different sports

There is high play and low practice

The parents initiate the participation

The coaches are caring teachers

What happens during sport specialization in the development model of youth sport?

They only play 1 sport

There is low play and high practice

The coach is likely a sport specialist

What happens in the development model of youth sport once the person is 12?

Once they are 12, they have to start making decisions about if they want to specialize in a sport or play recreationally

At 12, if an athlete feels confident in their abilities where will they go?

They will go into elite sport…

They will start in the specializing years and then go into the investment years

What are the specializing years?

They will play 2-3 sports

There will be moderate play and moderate practice

What are the investment years?

They will play 1 sport

There will be hight practice and low play

The parents are followers and supporters

The coaches are likely a sport specilalist

At 12, if the athlete is not confident or wants to continue to play more than 1 sport after the sampling years, where would they go?

They would go into the recreational years

What are recreational years in the development model of youth sport?

They will play a moderate number of sports

There will be high play and low practice

When does sport dropout happen in the development model of youth sport?

It can happen in any stage

What are the physical and psychosocial benefits of early specialization?

Physical: they will learn sport-specific skills

Psychosocial: They will have self-confidence in 1 sport

What are the physical and psychosocial disadvantages or costs of early specialization?

Physical: Increased injuries and reduced health

Psychosocial: Lack of diverse experiences, reduced enjoyment, parental expectations/pressure, coaching expectations/pressure, dropout, and burnout

What is the role of coaches in the considerations for youth sport programs?

Also known as coach effectiveness

1. Intrapersonal role… open to learning and being mentored

2. Interpersonal role… about being social and being there for the athletes

3. Professional role… having sport specific knowledge

What do coaches that have all 3 of the considerations for youth sport programs allow?

Coaches that have all 3 allow for the development of the 4 C’s

What are the roles of peers in considerations for youth sport programs?

They can be positive or negative…

Positive:

• peers can impact sport involvement

• They can increase sense of belonging, self-esteem, competence, and intrinsic motivation

Negative:

• Peers can be a source of anxiety and stress

• Athletes can be highly dependent of peer’s feedback

What is the role of parents in considerations for youth sport programs?

Parental support…

• Emotional support: high 5’s, great job, consolling

• Informational support: help with decisions

• Tangible support: buying equipment, driving to and from practice

• Companionship (network support): watching a professional game of the Childs sport together

What are the other 2 roles of parents that aren’t support?

1. Parental modeling

2. Parental expectations

What is parental modelling?

Having a home environment with a physically active lifestyle that encourages sustained efforts and fosters a positive, motivational climate

What do parental expectations have?

They have a powerful effect on children’s emotions and motivation

Which parent usually has a stronger relationship with the sport aspect of a Childs life?

Mom

When does sport participation start to decline?

From 13-17 years old

When how many kids join, how many kids quit sport?

For every 10 children who join, 3-4 will quit before the season is over

What is perceived competence?

Also known as applied perspective is when someone feels like they aren’t skilled enough and have a fixed mindset

Why do kids dropout of sport?

Because other things become more important like friends, school, or job

They aren’t having fun anymore or the coach is bad

What is burnout?

A special case of sport withdrawal in which a young athlete discontinues sport involvement in response to chronic stress… the stress can be psychological or physical

What are 3 myths about sport psychology interventions?

1. Psychological skill training (PST) is a band-aid solution

2. Only elite athletes can benefit from PST

3. Athletes need a mental performance consultant only when they are performing poorly

What is PST website?

Is is a website for athletes with disabilities

What is an intervention?

It is like putting things together/application of what we’ve learned

What are the goals of SPI?

The goal is to improve all3 at best, but at least 1 at worst:

1. Increase performance

2. Increase enjoyment

3. Improve sport self-satisfaction

What is PST?

It is a program or intervention that entails a structures and consistent practice of psychological skills and has 3 distinct phases

What are the 3 distinct phases of PST?

1. Education

2. Acquisition

3. Practice

What is the education phase of PST?

Athletes must recognize the importance of mental skills and performance impact

What is the acquisition phase of PST?

It is when athletes acquire various mental skills and learn to employ them

What is the practice phase of PST?

It is when athletes implement the skills learned in both practice and competition

What are the 5 psychological or mental skills of an SPT?

1. Goal setting

2. Imagery

3. Self-talk

4. Arousal regulation

5. Attention control

What is a goal?

A target or objective that people strive to attain

What is goal setting?

The practice of establishing desirable objectives for one’s actions

What are the 4 things goals can be?

1. Technical: performance or skill

2. Tactical: strategies or game plan

3. Physical: endurance, speed, or strength

4. Psychological: managing emotions or confidence

What are the 3 types of goals?

1. Outcome goals

2. Performance goals

3. Process goals

What are outcome goals?

Goals that focus on social comparison and competitive results

You vs. Others

What are performance goals?

Goals that focus on improvement and attainment of personal performance standards

You vs. You

What are process goals?

Goals that focus on specific behaviours that need to be performed successfully

Behaviours (Yes/No)

What shouldn’t you only set outcome goals?

Because they aren’t in your favour since you can’t control what other people dose you must set other goals as well

What are the definitions of SMARTS goals?

S: Specific

M: Measurable

A: Adjustable

R: Realistic

T: Timely

S: Support

What should we do when setting a goal?

Set a combination of outcome, performance, and process goals

What can goal help us with?

Goals can help us:

• Direct attention

• Mobilize/increase/maintain effort

• Foster persistence

• Promote the development of new learning strategies

How do individual and team goals go together?

How does completing your goals contribute to the team’s goal?

What do athletes rate goal setting as?

Athletes rate goals as only moderately effective

What are some problems with goral setting?

• Setting too many goals (should only have 2-3)

• Difference in goal setting interest

• Understanding the time required to set goals

• Failing to follow up and evaluate goals

How many goals should you have at once?

2-3

Who came up with performance profiling?

Butler and Hardy

What is performance profiling?

Athletes rank themselves on a scale of 1-10 in various categories to see where they need to improve the most

What does performance profiling do?

It allows the athletes to feel good about themselves, but also tie into goal setting because they know where they need to improve and it allows us to provide a score to an abstract type of characteristic

What is imagery?

Creating or recreating an experience in your mind

What are the multi-senses of imagery?

Sight, smell, touch, taste, sound, feel

What are the 2 most important sensory aspects of imagery?

Sight is most important and feel is second most important

What is feel in terms of imagery?

Body movements/kinesthetics

When were the types/functions of imagery developed?

They stem from Paivio’s Analytic Model from 1985 and can be either motivational or cognitive and they can operate at a specific or general level

In 1998, Hall and colleagues added to Paivio’s 2×2. Motivational general was too limiting to they added motivational general mastery to the motivational general arousal

What are the types of imagery?

Motivational Specific (MS)

Cognitive Specific (CS)

Motivational General-Mastery (MG-M)

Motivational General-Arousal (MG-A)

Cognitive General (CG)

What is the cognitive specific (CS) type of imagery?

It is images related to skills (acquisition and development)

What is the cognitive general (CG) type of imagery?

It is images related to strategies, game plans, or routines

What is the motivational specific (MS) type of imagery?

It is images related to an individual’s goals

What is the motivational general-mastery (MG-M) type of imagery?

It is images associated with being mentally tough, in control, and confident

What is the motivational general-arousal (MG-A) type of imagery?

It is images associated with arousal and stress

What should the imagery function match?

The desired outcome