Integumentary, Skeletal, Joint, and Muscle Systems Review

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering the Integumentary system, Bone Tissue, Joints, and Muscle anatomy based on lecture notes.

Integumentary system

Consists of the skin, hair, nails, and associated glands; the skin is the body's largest and heaviest organ.

Thick skin

Covers the palms, soles, and corresponding surfaces of fingers and toes; contains sweat glands but no hair follicles or sebaceous glands.

Thin skin

Covers the rest of the body; contains hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands.

Keratinocytes

Epidermal cells that provide strength and protection.

Melanocytes

Epidermal cells that produce skin pigment.

Dendritic cells

Epidermal cells responsible for immune function.

Stratum Corneum

The outermost epidermal layer consisting of up to $30$ layers of dead, scaly keratinized cells that resist absorption and penetration.

Stratum Lucidum

A thin, pale layer of the epidermis found only in thick skin.

Stratum Basale

The deepest (base) layer consisting of a single layer of stem cells and keratinocytes, also containing scattered melanocytes and tactile cells.

Filaggrin

A protein released by keratinocytes that binds keratin into tough bundles.

Papillary layer

The thin zone of the dermis composed of areolar tissue and rich in small blood vessels.

Reticular layer

The deeper, thicker layer of the dermis.

Hypodermis

A layer of connective tissue beneath the skin containing areolar and adipose tissue; it pads the body and is a common site for drug injection.

Cyanosis

A blueness of the skin caused by a deficiency of oxygen.

Erythema

Redness of the skin due to increased blood flow.

Jaundice

Yellowing of the skin due to bilirubin in the blood.

Hematoma

Bruising of the skin.

Lanugo

Downy hair that appears on a fetus in the last $3$ months of development.

Vellus hair

Fine, pale hair that replaces lanugo by the time of birth.

Terminal hair

Longer, coarser, and more heavily pigmented hair found on eyebrows, eyelashes, and the scalp.

Ceruminous glands

Glands that produce earwax.

Mammary glands

Modified apocrine sweat glands that produce milk.

Long bones

Bones such as the femur and humerus that serve as levers.

Sesamoid bones

Round bones, like the patella, that form in tendons to protect them from compression.

Periosteum

Connective tissue surrounding the entire bone to separate it from the rest of the body.

Diaphysis

The shaft of a long bone, mostly composed of compact bone with yellow marrow.

Endosteum

The lining of the inner surface of bones; a place for bone growth, repair, and remodeling.

Metaphysis

The zone where the diaphysis and epiphysis meet; contains the epiphyseal plate which becomes a line.

Trabeculae

The branching bony plates found in spongy (cancellous) bone.

Hones

Markings that allow the passage of soft tissues through hard ones, such as a foramen or canal.

Osteoblasts

Bone cells that do not divide and are responsible for making the matrix; found in the periosteum and endosteum.

Osteoclast

Bone cells found on the bone surface responsible for bone resorption (removing existing bone).

Ossification

The process of osteoblasts making matrix on pre-existing connective tissue.

Hematopoiesis

The formation of blood cells, which occurs in the red bone marrow.

Synarthrosis

A functional classification for a joint that is immobile and used for protection.

Diarthrosis

A functional classification for freely mobile joints; all are synovial joints.

Articular capsule

A structure enclosing the joint cavity that holds bones together, consisting of an outer fibrous capsule and an inner synovial membrane.

Bursa

A sac formed by the extension of the synovial membrane.

Origin

The site of muscle attachment to the immobile side of a joint.

Insertion

The site of muscle attachment to the movable side of a joint.

Syndesmosis

A fibrous joint where bones are connected by a ligament or membrane, such as the connection between the tibia and fibula.

Synchondrosis

A cartilaginous joint where bones are connected by hyaline cartilage, such as the connection between the first rib and the sternum.

Fascicles

Bundles of muscle fibers covered with perimysium.

Sarcolemma

The cell membrane that surrounds a muscle fiber.

Myofibrils

Long rods found inside muscle fibers.

Actin

The thin filaments within myofilaments.

Myosin

The thick filaments within myofilaments.

Sarcomere

The basic unit of muscle contraction.