Irwin Research Test 1

what does research contribute to?

professional pool of knowledge

what does research maintain?

quality of clinical services

Who did many regard as the Father of Speech Language Pathology in 1919?

Dr. Lee Edward Travis

why is research important

to utilize practices that are evidence based

when did the American Academy of Speech Correction become ASHA

1925

What is the monster study

1926; Wendell Johnson and Mary Tudor had 22 stuttering orphans, 1 group was demeaned for studying, 1 waas’t. had catastrophic results

Tuskegee Syphillis Experiment

1932-1972; gave black men syphillis. lots of them died, wives and future kids had it

Experimental research

designed to find directional and causal relationship between multiple variables. x causes y. IV and DV. randomized control trials, quasi-experimental, sequential clinical trials, single-subject designs, meta-analysis

Descriptive research

designed to describe situations or events as they naturally occur. cross-sectional, longitudinal, historical, semi-longitudinal, case study, secondary analysis, evaluation

Exploratory research

designed to examine how one event relates to other factors; cohort studies, case-controlled studies, correlational research

cross sectional

selecting participants from various age groups

longitudinal study

looks at one group over a long period of time

semi longitudinal

mix of cross and longitiudinal, uses overlapping age spans and follows each for a short time

historical

uses data observed by others

case study

intensive study of the background, current status or environmental interactions of an individual

secondary analysis

uses previously gathered data; reanalysis

evaluation research

collection and analysis of info related to effects of a program/policy/procedure; often used to ensure effectiveness of policies

3 types of exploratory research

cohort, case-control, correlational

correlational research

predictive research designed to predict a behavior or response based on the relationship between the behavior and other variables

case control

people are chosen for a study and categorized into cases and controls.

cohort studies

researcher selects a group of people who do not have the condition of interest and follows them to see what characteristics contribute to its development

randomized c0ntrol trial

experimental group receives the treatment, control group does not.

quasi- experimental

no control group or randomization

experimental group

receives treatment

control group

no treatment

sequential clinical trials

does not require a fixed sample size, allows for analysis of data to occur where the participant has completed the trial.

single subject designs

subject acts as own control in the study, ABAB design where A= non treatment phase, B= treatment phase

meta-analysis

uses previously gathered data but statistics are used to reanalyze the data

Survey

interviews, questionnaires, can be used with any other research method

Differentiate between efficiency and effectiveness

efficacy is the ability to produce a desired result, and effectiveness is how effective the trial is on results

Describe the scientific method

it is a systemic, empirical, controlled and critical examination of a hypothetical propositions about the association among natural phenomena.

gold standard for experimental research

randomized control trials

50%

adequate

60%

good

70%

very good

which of the following is not a major category of research

biographical

according to portney and Watkins, what research studies are designed to predict a behavior or response based on the observed relationship between behavior and other variables

correlational

in experimental research the __ variable is controlled to measure its effect on the DV

independent

when a researcher identifies and defines a problem, it is the __ step is experimental research

2nd

___ includes written instructions for a questionnaire that reduces bias from a difference in admin. or from interviewer interactions

standardization

the seven steps of experimental research should begin with

survey the literature

According to Hegde, the strengths of experimental research are the strenthghs of science itself

true

the use of a seq. clinical trial requires a fixed sample size before the study can begin

false

a historical research article might include a title “State of the art” or “tutorial”

true

tudor study

1896- spinal taps on kids w/o parental consent

1895- mentally disabled kids given gonorrhea

1946- Guatemalan prisoners and psych. patients given STDs

1950- 200 female prisoners Given hepatitis

research misconduct

fabrication, plagiarism, falsification

planning

involves application of basic ethical principles of beneficence, respoect, justice

confidentiality

central tenant of research

informed consent

provides participants with enough info to make a reasonable decision

deception

shock experiment; needs good reason

keep records for how long

at least five years

how many references related to research in the code of ethics

21

how many members on the institutional review board

5

Belmont report

3 ethical principles for research:

1. respect for persons

2. beneficience

3. justice

why aren’t control groups used much anymore

ethical reasons

basic research

answers fundamental questions related to deciphering the laws and nature

applied research

applies basic questions to practical problems

qualitative variables

involve descriptions of categories and has names for labels of them

quantitative variables

involve numerical measurement

discrete variable

can be counted; not expressed in numbers

continuous

expressed in any numerical form

DV

outcome variable, can be changed based on IV

IV

what is manipulated to cause the change

extraneous variable

a factor not directly related to the purpose of the study, may affect DV

PICO

population, intervention, comparison, outcome

purpose of the control group

to rule out the influence of extraneous variables

null hypothesis

no statistically significant difference

4 questions of rating the evidence

1. how well were the subjects described

2. how well was the treatment described

3. what measures of control were used in the study

4. are the consequences of treatment well-described

strongest to weakest

meta-analysis and systematic reviews, randomized control trials, cohort studies, case control studies, cross sectional studies, animal trials/invitro studies, and case reports/ opinion papers/letters

what is the difference between systematic review and meta-analysis?

a systematic review is the summary of primary studies into one study using systematic methods, and meta-analysis is the statistical analysis used to pool all the findings from the different primary studies into one analysis

single blind study

researcher knows what’s happening, participants do not

Phase 1 of a research study would involve all of the following except

interpret findings

main three levels of evidence

1. poorly controlled research studies

2. conflicting evidence with weight supplied on 1 side

3. expert opinion

why is rating the level of evidence from a body of literature difficult

bc it is not clear as to what counts as evidence and it is less clear what weight to assign to diff. types of evidence

which of the following databases is specifically focused on nursing and allied health research?

CINAHL

one of the most helpful resources when beginning a literature review is to contact the

reference librarian

an audiologist who wants to know which groups are best for dispersing hearing aids, data mining could include

clusters

when an online journal that has the full text accessible typically after a 6-12 month period is part of the

embargo

which of the following probably has the best access to journal articles with little to no cost

doaj.org

it is important to know that posting info to the WWW about a topic has very strict requirements and procedures

false

sources of evidence are heterogeneous. in other words, not all sources of evidence are equal

true

ASHA has developed numerous resources to support SLPs and AUDs with the use of evidence-based practice in clinical decision making

true

Hadorn and ass. believe that it is very clear as to what counts as evidence and what weight to assign to different types of evidence.

false

According to ASHA and other organizations, when levels of evidence are based on a “class” system, the highest level of evidence is Class III.

false

authors of the research pyramid

Glover, Izzo, Odato and Wang

What are the steps for performing and analyzing a literature review?

Identify key words, search onsite and online sources at the library using key words, acquire a minimum of 50 resources in the form of articles or books, narrow the number of resources down, form a literature map, write summaries of the articles you will use, and construct the literature review in written form.

What are the differences between narrative and systematic reviews?

Narrative reviews are nonsystematic reviews with many disadvantages and systematic reviews are a much more prevalent method for locating, appraising and synthesizing evidence.

What is best-evidence synthesis?

Best evidence synthesis is an alternative to meta-analysis. It is a review of both qualitative and quantitative studies that are selected according to specific criteria.

Describe PICO. Describe PESICO. What are the differences between the two?

PICO stands for population, intervention, comparison and outcome. PESICO stands for person, environments, stakeholders. intervention, comparison and outcomes. PICO is the more frequently used framework for formulating questions and PESICO has two additional components of environments and stakeholders.

How are practice guidelines developed?

Practice guidelines are developed through clinical experience, expert opinion and research evidence.

• Describe nominal and ordinal levels of measurement.  What are the major properties that distinguish the two levels?

Nominal measurement classifies an event or object into a category and ordinal measurement shows the position of one variable relative to another

• Provide an example of interval level of measurement.  Does it have an absolute zero?

temperature; no

• What is the difference between content and construct validity?   Provide an example of each.

content validity concerns whether the substance or content of a measure adequately represents the universe of content of the attribute being measured or how well the content of a test reflects the subject matter from which conclusions will be drawn. Construct validity involves scientific inquiry by testing a hypothesized relationship and validating a test and the theory behind it

• What is reliability? How does reliability relate to validity?

reliability refers to the consistency of a rate or of a measurement, and reliability does not ensure validity

• Differentiate between interjudge reliability and intrajudge reliability?

Interjudge/ Interexaminer reliability is a crucial measure of objectivity and is a necessary element to subjecting a study to scientific review. Intrajudge/ Intraexaminer reliability is not difficult to establish and it implies that in repeated observations of the same subject, the same examiner gets similar results.

What are the measurement scales?

• Nominal

• Ordinal

• Interval

• Ratio

• NOIR like film noir

nominal

named, counted or labeled data. ex. male, female, white, black, asian

ordinal

ranked data. ex.: first place, second place, third place, tallest to shortest

interval

equal intervals, no meaningful zero, can be multiplied, 1, 2, 3, ex: temperature

ratio

equal intervals, true meaningful zero. 0, 1, 2, 3. ex: age, height, weight