Seed Plants

Sporophyte

phase is dominant in seed plants and seedless plants

Heterospory

in seed plants and seedless plants

Gametophyte

reduced to microscopic structure inside sporophyte in seed plants

Pollen and Seeds

adaptations for true terrestrial living (not water dependent)

Female gametophyte and sporophyte

always haploid

Seed coat

protection around the plants embryo

Pollen

male gametophyte (microscopic)

Gymnosperms 

“naked seed”- conifers, cycads, ginkgophytes

Angiosperms

“seed in vessel”- flowering plants, fertilization and embryo development occur inside the plant

Monoecious

“one home”- male and female cones on the same plant (in gymnosperms)

Tracheid

xylem has more lignin cells to transport water and minerals

Conifers 

dominant phylum of gymnosperms, leaf shaped like needle (pine trees)

Conifer

a sporophyte and monoecious with heterosporous

Microsporangia

are located on male pollen cones

Produce female megaspores

Megasporangia

Produce male microspores and contain microsporocytes

Microsporangia

Microsporocyte cells

diploid and produces haploid microspores via meiosis

2 celled male gametophyte (pollen) through mitosis

Microspores produce

contains two haploid cells produced by mitosis

Pollen Grain

Megasporangia

located on female ovulate cones

diploid cells in the microsporangium which produces megaspores (4 haploid cells via meiosis)

Megasporocytes are

Female Gametophyte

produces archegonium which makes haploid egg by mitosis

Sepals

photosynthetic (D)

Stigma

part of carpel (female flower) (B)

Style

part of the carpel, female flower (C)

Ovary

part of the carpel, female flower (H)

Anther

part of the stamen, male flower (E)

Filament

part of stamen, male flower (F)

Perfect flower

is monoecious with carpels and stamen

Gynoecium

female flower which will produce eggs (also called carpel of pistil)

pollen is deposited 

stigma is where

Androecium

the male flower which will produce male gametophyte-sperm

megasporangia

Ovule contains

microspores, microsporangia

Anther contains

Pollen (mitosis)

male gametophyte

two haploid cells surrounded by sporopollenin

Pollen have 

tube cell and generative cell

Pollens two cells are called

Female Gametophyte

divides three times via mitosis to make eight nuclei

Polar nuclei

contains two nuclei- will become endosperm

Mature embryo sac

1 egg, 2 synergids, 3 antipodal cells that degenerate, and a central cell with polar nuclei

Double Fertilization

1 sperm and egg fuse to form diploid zygote, 1 sperm fuses with the polar nuclei cell to form a triploid cell that will become the endosperm

Cotyledon

leaf like structure in embryo

Pollination

transfer of pollen from male to female

Fertilization

male sperm fusing with female egg

Self- pollination

transfer of pollen from male to female on same plant

Cross pollination

transfer of pollen from male of one plant to female of a different plant

Monocots

one cotyledon, petals in symmetry of 3 or 6, leaf venation is parallel, multiple roots

Eudicots

two cotyledons, symmetry of 4 or 5, lead venation is networked, on main root