Unit 7 and 8 AP World Vocab

Shift

the significant changes in the world's economic, political, and cultural landscapes occur due to advancements in technology, globalization, and interconnectedness.

Collapse

A sudden failure or breakdown of a system, organization, or society, often leading to significant changes in structure and function

Alliance

A formal system of treaties binding participant states to mutual military aid in case of attack by a third party

Mobilization

The process of assembling and organizing resources, including military forces, civilians, and industrial capabilities, for the purpose of war

Casualties

individuals who are killed, wounded, or missing in action during military conflicts

Repressive

The act of suppressing or restraining a group's rights, freedoms, or expressions, typically by government or authority

Repercussion

The consequences or effects that arise from an action from an action or event

Mandate

A legal status established by the league of Nations after World War 1, allowing certain nations to govern former territories of the defeated powers

Unsustainable

Practices or processes that cannot be maintained over the long term without depleting resources or causing significant harm to the environment

Aspirations

the hopes and desires of individuals, groups, or nations for progress, change, or improvement

Fascism

A political movement that promotes an extreme form of nationalism, a denial of individual rights, and a dictatorial one-party rule

Totalitarianism

A political system where the state holes authority over society and seeks to control every aspect of public and private life

Regime

Political systems in which a single entity, such as a leader or party, exercises significant control over the state, often limiting individual freedoms and political pluralism.

Militarism

System of national organization that prioritizes military spending and glorifies conflict and military service

Ideology

a set of beliefs, values, and ideas that shape the way individuals or groups understand the world and their place within it.

Extremist

A political term that determines activities that are not in accordance with state norms, are fully intolerant toward others, reject democracy as a means of governance and problem-solving, and also reject the existing social order.

Altered

something that has been changed or transformed. NOT just a minor tweak. but a noticeable difference from how it was before.

Unprecedented

something that has never happened before, and/or unique or unparalleled.

Domination

the exercise of power or control over others, often resulting in the suppression of their autonomy and independence

Escalate

to increase in intensity or seriousness

Implement

to carry out or put something into effect

Atrocity

extremely cruel and violent acts

Propaganda

The dissemination of information, ideas, rumors, etc. in order to make people feel a certain way towards a certain culture, political ideology, etc.

Reparations

Compensation demanded by a victorious nation from a defeated nation

Chinese Revolution 1911

Also known as the "Xinhai Revolution" was a pivotal uprising that resulting in the overthrow of the Qing dynasty and the establishment of the Republic of China

Sick Man of Asia

Originally referred to China in the late 19th and early 20th centuries when it was riven by internal divisions and taken advantage of by the great powers

Russian Revolution 1905

uprising that was instrumental in convincing Tsar Nicholas II to attempt the transformation of the Russian government from an autocracy into a constitutional monarchy

Russian Revolution of 1917

Also called the "October Revolution," that overthrew the tsar and brought the Bolsheviks, a communist party led by Lenin, to power

Mexican Revolution

Armed rebellion in which the Mexican people fought for political and social reform, especially against neocolonialism

Allied Powers

a coalition of countries that opposed the central powers during WW1 and later formed alliances in WW2

- composed of France, Great Britain, and Russia in WW1

- composed of the UK, US, USSR, China, and France

Axis Powers

The coalition was led by Germany, Italy, and Japan during World War II.

Triple Entente

An alliance between Great Britain, France, and Russia in the years before ww1

Lebensraum

"living space"- the additional territory that, according to Adolf Hitler, Germany needed because it was overcrowded

Five Year Plan

state-directed economic programs initiated by the Soviet Union starting in 1928, aimed at rapidly transforming the country from an agrarian society into an industrial powerhouse

New Deal

addressed the economic challenges of the Great Depression through a series of programs aimed at providing immediate relief to those suffering from unemployment and poverty.

Joseph Stalin

Totalitarian regime, rapid industrialization, and the Great Purge, which involved widespread repression and mass executions. was a soviet politician and revolutionary who governed the Soviet Union from the Mid - 1920s till death.

Harry Truman

(33rd President) Became president when FDR died; gave the order to drop the atomic bomb

Franklin D. Roosevelt

32nd President of the US. BEST KNOWN for leading the nation through the Great Depression and World War II, implementing significant reforms that reshaped the American economy and government.

Winston Churchill

British politician, army officer, and writer who served as Prime Minister of the UK during critical periods of the 20th Century, most notably during WW2

Atomic Bomb

A weapon that uses nuclear reactions to release a massive amount of energy, resulting in an explosion of unprecedented scale and destruction

Fire-Bombings

A bombing technique that destroys a target through the use of fire; instead of a large blast from bombs incendiary devices are used to cause damage

Holocaust

Systematic, state-sponsored persecution and extermination of 6 million Jewish people and millions of others by the Nazi regime and its collaborators during WW2

Armenian Genocide

systematic extermination of 1.5 million Armenians by the Ottoman Empire during WW1, between 1915 and 1923. !!! IS ONE OF THE FIRST MODERN GENOCIDES!!!

League of Nations

International organization created after WW1 as part of the peace effort

Blitzkrieg

a military strategy used by Germany in WW2 that emphasized rapid and surprise attacks utilizing a combination of air power and ground forces

Treaty of Versailles

Was signed between the Allied Nations on June 28, 1919 (FORMALLY ENDED WORLD WAR ONE)

Balfour Declaration

A public pledge by Britain in 1917 declaring its aim to establish "a national home for the Jewish people" in Palenstine

Mandate System

A policy that determined the fate of the German colonies in the Middle East. claiming they were not capable of governing themselves in this modern world and had to be overseen and protected by an advanced nation.

Hiroshima and Nagasaki

pivotal events during WW2 when the US dropped atomic bombs on these Japanese cities in August 1945

Manchukuo

Puppet state created in 1932 by Japan out of the three historic provinces of Manchuria (Northeastern China)

Indian National Congress

established to provide a platform for educated Indians to voice their concerns and seek political reforms under British rule

Total War

A form of war in which civilians are actively in involved and the war permeates all parts of life for the constituent states involved.

Nazi

Officially known as the National Socialist German Workers' Party, was a far-right political group in Germany that emerged in the early 20th century that gained control of the government in 1933. The Ideology of the party centered on nationalism, anti-communism, and a belief in the superiority of the so-called Aryan race.

Armenians

Christians in the Ottoman Empire, who faced genocide during World War I.

Self-government

A system in which the citizens of a country (or smaller political unit, such as a state) rule themselves and control their own affairs

Sentiment

The attitudes, opinions, and feelings that people express about particular issues or events, often measured through public opinion

Dissolution

The process of disbanding or breaking apart an entity, organization, or relationship

Restructuring

The process of reorganizing and transforming the political, economic, and social structures of a state or system, often in response to crisis or significant change

Evolved

to undergo gradual development or change, adapting over time to new circumstances or environments

Ideological

a set of beliefs, values, and ideas that shape the way individuals or groups understand the world and their place within it

Authoritarian

A government type with a strong federal government and very limited local power

Proliferation

The rapid increase or spread of something, often used in the context of technology, weapons, or industries

Proxy

When a major power helps bring about a conflict between other nations, but doesn't fight directly

Postcolonial

The period and conditions following the end of colonial rule, where newly independent states grapple with their national, identity, political structures, and economic challenges

Advocate

individuals or groups that actively support or argue in favor of a particular cause, policy, or social issue

Redistribute

the transfer of wealth and resources from one group or individual to another often through government policies and social programs aimed at reducing economic inequality

Nationalist

political ideology that emphasizes the interest and culture of a particular nation or group, often advocating for self-determination and the belief that individuals' loyalty should be to their nation above all else

Autonomy

The degree of self-governance and independence that a political entity has from external authorities

Negotiated

to discuss something in order to reach an agreement or compromise

Political Boundaries

the defined lines that separate different political entities, such as countries, states, or regions

resettlements

to the process of relocating individuals or communities from one area to another, often involving governmental policies aimed at managing land use, population distribution, or social challenges

Displacement

the forced removal or relocation of people from their homes or traditional lands, often due to external pressures such as colonization, warfare, or economic changes

Discontent

a state of dissatisfaction or unhappiness, often arising from unmet needs or grievances

Domestic

of, relating to, or origination within a country and especially one's own country

Decolonization

the process by which colonial empires, especially those of European powers, granted independence to their colonies in the aftermath of World War 2

Superpower

a nation that has the ability to exert influence or project power on a global scale, characterized by its significant military capabilities, economic strength, and diplomatic reach

Seized

one country took control of something that belong to another country

Repercussions

the consequences or effects that arise from an action or event

Inherited

the process by which governance structures, political practices, and social norms are passed down from one generation to another within a society or political system

Partition

the division of a territory into separate, independent states or regions, often following colonial rule or conflict.

Metropoles

large, densely populated urban areas that serve as significant economic, political, and cultural centers

Indian National Conference

established to provide a platform for educated Indians to voice their concerns and seek political reforms under British rule

Quit India Movement

a mass protest launched by the Indian National Congress in August 1942 demanding an end to British rule in India

Gandhi

a key figure in India's struggle for independence from British rule

NATO

an alliance made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country

Warsaw

A military alliance of communist nations in eastern Europe

Sputnik

the first artificial satellite launched into orbit by the Soviet Union on October 4, 1957

Nuclear Science

the study of the atom's nucleus, which is the tiny, dense center of an atom

Stalins form of communism

- Government in charge: The government-owned everything, from farms to factories

- One leader: Stalin made all the big decisions

- VERY STRICT RULES: People had little freedom, and those who disagreed were punished

- Focus on industry: Stalin wanted to make the country a powerful industrial nation, even if it meant hardships for people

Non-Aligned Movement

A group of states that chose not to formally align with either the Western bloc led by the US or the Eastern Bloc led by the USSR during the Cold War.

Kwame Nkrumah

prominent Ghanaian politician and activist who became the first Prime Minister and President of Ghana, leading the country to independence from British colonial rule in 1957.

Sandinistas

a leftist political and military group in Nicaragua that led a revolution against the Somoza dictatorship in the late 20th century.

Congo Crisis

A period of political turmoil and conflict in the Democratic republic of the Congo from 1960 to 1965, following the country's independence from Belgium.

Korean War

a conflict that lasted from 1950 to 1953 between North Korea, supported by China and the Soviet Union, and South Korea, backed by the United Nations, PRIMARILY the US.

Chinese Communist Revolution

a period of revolutionary struggle in China from 1927 - 1949 that resulted in the establishment of the People's Republic of China under the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP)

The Great Leap Forward

an attempt by China, under the direction of its leader, Mao Zedong, to make China into a modern industrial power

Mengistu Haile Mariam

A leader of Ethiopia from 1974 - 1991, serving as a prominent figure in the Derg, a Marxist-Leninist military junta that established a socialist state in Ethiopia.

Vietnamese Independence (Through Violence)

when Vietnam broke free from being ruled by other countries, especially France, and became its own self=governing

Cuban Revolution

when Fidel Castro and his rebels overthrew the government of Cuba in the 1950s, changing the country to a communist state.

Ho Chi Minh

Vietnamese revolutionary leader who played a crucial role in the fight for Vietnam's independence from French colonial rule and late led the country during the Vietnam war