Animal Nutrition Vocabulary

Flashcards of vocabulary terms related to animal nutrition lectures.

Fat soluble vitamins stored in fatty tissues.

Vitamins A, D, E, K

Vitamins not typically needed to be supplemented for grazing dairy cows.

None

Vitamin not required in terrestrial farm animals.

Vitamin C

Vitamins that need to be supplemented for dairy cows in a barn consuming silage.

A, D, E

Chemical names for Vitamin A.

Retinal, Retinol, Retinoic acid, Retinyl palmitate

Chemical name for Vitamin D.

25 OH-Cholecalciferol

Chemical name for Vitamin E.

Alpha-Tocopherol

Chemical name for Vitamin K (Plant).

Phylloquinone

Chemical name for Vitamin K (Bacterial).

Menaquinone

Chemical name for Vitamin K (Lab).

Menadione

Reason to use beadlets for fat-soluble vitamins.

Prevent reactions and improve stability

Factors that react with and destabilize vitamin D.

Moisture, oxygen, trace minerals, acid

Factors that react with and destabilize vitamin A.

Ultraviolet light, oxygen, moisture, trace minerals (Mn, Co), heat, unsaturated fats, least stable

Reason cattle aren’t supplemented with vitamin K.

Made in the rumen

Vitamin A, Vitamin D, Vitamin E

Vitamins ruminants and horses on pasture need.

Source of vitamin A for ruminants and horses on pasture.

Sufficient β-carotene in forages

Source of vitamin D for ruminants and horses on pasture.

Synthesis from 7-dehydrocholesterol, UV light

Source of vitamin E for ruminants and horses on pasture.

Sufficient tochopherols in forages

Source of vitamin K for ruminants and horses on pasture.

Microbial synthesis, rumen, hindgut

Vitamins ruminants in a barn need.

Vitamin A, Vitamin D, Vitamin E

Why Vitamin A should be supplemented in barn.

Destroyed in silage or hay

Why Vitamin D should be supplemented in barn.

Available in hay, Destroyed in silage, no UV light in barn

Why Vitamin E should be supplemented in barn.

Destroyed in silage or hay

Source of vitamin K for barn.

Microbial synthesis, rumen, hindgut

Selenium deficiency response in pigs and cattle.

Liver degeneration

Selenium deficiency response in chicks.

Pancreatic degeneration

Selenium deficiency response in lambs, poultry, pigs & calves.

Muscular dystrophy – ‘white muscle disease’

Selenium deficiency response in chicks when Se & Vit E deficient.

Exudative diathesis

Most common Selenium deficiency symptom.

Nutritional muscular dystrophy/"Stiff Lamb Disease"

General method determining nutrient losses on farms for Non-point losses.

Predicted or Estimated

Estimates of combined losses (most accurate) from farm.

Top Down

Estimate individual losses and add together to determine nutrient losses from farms.

Bottom Up

Equation for N losses from a farm (top down) at steady state.

N Losses = Input N (fertilizer + legume fixed N) – N in products sold

Equation for Herd N intake.

Milk and Meat N + Manure N

What Herd N intake equals.

Milk and Meat N + Manure N

Equation for Manure N.

Herd N intake – Milk and Meat N

Equation for N use efficiency.

Milk and Meat N / Herd N Intake

What Manure N produced + imported equals.

Manure applied + Manure N Losses

Equation for Manure storage N Losses.

Manure N prod + imp – Manure N applied

What Fertilizer + Legume N equals.

Crop N harvested + Crop N Losses

Equation for Crop N Losses.

Fertilizer N – Crop N harvested

How animal feeding affects nutrient losses from a farm.

Meeting but not exceeding requirements decreases manure nutrients and feed nutrients needed

Reasons why reactive nitrogen has become more significant as a contributor to environmental problems over the past 100 years.

Role of N fertilizer, Lack of crop rotation, regionalization, World human population growth, Agricultural practices, Diet choices

Reasons why agriculture is contributing more to environmental pollution.

Human population increases, Increase in protein consumption per capita, Increase in consumption of animal products, fruits and vegetables per capita, Decreased use of legumes in human and animal diets (N), Increase in row crops decreasing soil carbon retention.

Most potent livestock emission gas that traps heat.

Rumen methane

Component of the kernel that is fiber.

Hull

Component of the kernel that is starch.

Endosperm

Component of the kernel that is protein and fiber.

Bran

Component of the kernel that is protein, vitamins minerals, oils.

Germ

Types of Grain processing.

Dry or Wet

Examples of Dry grain processing.

Cracking, Steam-Flaking, Crimping, Dry rolling, Grinding, Popping Toasting or Roasting

Examples of Wet grain processing.

Steeping or Soaking, Reconstituting (adding water back)

Reasons for Heat Treatment of Grains.

Feed preservation, Detoxification, Increase digestibility, Destroys pathogenic bacteria, For ruminants, to decrease rumen protein degradation, increase ruminally undegraded protein (RUP)

The downside of excessive heat treatment.

Destroys many vitamins, Binds proteins

Browning reaction when excessive heat is applied to grains.

Maillard products

High temperature used as an index of heat damage during grain processing.

ADIN (Acid Detergent Insoluble Nitrogen)

Examples of Feed Additives.

Rumen additives, Buffers and neutralizers, Antioxidants, Preservatives, Humectants, Pellet binding agents, Flow agents, Enzymes (phytase), Probiotics, Flavoring Agents

Antimicrobials used to treat disease.

Therapeutic

Antimicrobials used at low concentrations to promote growth.

Non-therapeutic

Volatile fatty acid increased by Monensin fed to cattle in rumen.

propionate

Gas decreased by Monensin fed to cattle in rumen.

Methane

What oxidation and rancidity prevent.

Antioxidants

Most common buffers used to increase pH in the rumen.

Sodium bicarbonate, Magnesium oxide

Examples of Antioxidants used in feeds.

Butylated hydroxytolulene (BHT), Ethoxyquin, Vitamin E

Examples of preservatives to prevent mold.

Ascorbic acid, Propionic acid, and calcium propionate, Sodium metabisulfite

Effects of using buffers to increase rumen pH.

Increase fiber digestion rate, Increase dry matter intake, Increase milk production or growth rate, Increase acetate to propionate ratio, Increase milk fat yield and percentage, Increase DCAD if in close-up period, Increase milk fever

Breed that has diabetes associated with it.

Burmese cats, Samoyed dogs

Sex that has diabetes associated with it.

Male cats, female dogs

What cats get their glucose from.

Gluconeogenesis

Purpose of insoluble fiber for dogs and cats.

Increases bulk, contributes to satiety, weight loss, diabetes management, Maintains normal intestinal transit time and motility, manage hair balls, Maintains stool consistency

Purpose of soluble fiber for dogs and cats.

Delays gastric emptying, Produces VFA, especially butyrate for gut health

Normal crude fiber level for dogs and cats.

3-6%

Insoluble fiber sources.

Wood fiber (cellulose), plant residue

Soluble fiber sources.

Vegetable and citrus pulps, seed hulls

Purpose of fat for dogs and cats.

Energy, Essential fatty acids, Fat-soluble vitamins, Flavor

Typical fat concentrations for Non-lactating dogs.

5%

Typical fat concentrations for Non-lactating cats.

9%

Typical fat concentrations for Lactating, gestation, and performance animals.

20%

Fat sources for pets.

Animal (beef tallow, pork lard, chicken, fish), Vegetable (corn, safflower, soybean)

Essential fatty acids that required in DOG and CAT diet.

Linoleic acid, α-Linolenic acid, EPA, DHA

Essential fatty acids required in CAT diet.

Arachidonic acid

Differences between dog food and cat food nutritionally related to fat.

Adult cat food has higher fat (9% vs. 5%), Cat foods need arachidonic acid.

Differences between dog food and cat food nutritionally related to protein.

Cat food has higher protein per energy, but higher energy so…., Cat food has lower percentage protein per DM (e.g. 16-20% vs. 18-22% of DM), Cat food requires taurine, Cat food requires more methionine

Differences between dog food and cat food nutritionally related to vitamins.

Cat food requires vitamin A (can’t make it from carotene), Cat food requires more niacin (can’t make any from tryptophan).

Differences between dog food and cat food nutritionally related to carbohydrates.

Dog food has higher maximal carbohydrate, No lactose in cat food nor other sugars (usually).

AAFCO required nutrient compositions by law on pet food.

Crude Protein, Crude Fat, Crude Fiber, Moisture

Causes abnormal wear on the joint and osteoarthritis.

Hip Dysplasia

Dog breeds more susceptible to having Hip Dysplasia.

Large breeds: German shepherd, Labrador, Golden retriever, Rottweiler

Reasons why the dog breeds being susceptible to Hip Dysplasia.

Growth too fast, obesity, high Ca

Can cause death to dog because its a drug class: methylxanthine and vasodilator.

Theobromine (in chocolate)

Animal more susceptible to mold.

Horse

Feline Urological Syndrome is prevented by.

Anions (e.g. sulfur, low Dietary Cation Anion Difference, DCAD)

Reasons to prevent Uroliths (kidney stones) in cats.

Lower urine pH to prevent crystal formation

Animal having higher lysine requirement per kg body weight gain.

Horse

Purpose of slow feeders.

Very effective at slowing intake, Decrease overeating, Decrease waste

Potential detrimental effects of excess protein in horses.

Increased water turnover, Increased heat production (N excretion), Increased ammonia in stable environment, Huge effects on respiratory system!, Losses to the environment

Vitamins horses need to be supplemented with when fed hay and grain diets.

A, E, Thiamine, Riboflavin

Minerals need to be supplemented for horses.

Ca, P, Cu, Zn, Na, Cl, K

Nutrients that increase the most for race horses during training.

Energy and electrolytes (Na, Cl, K)

Optimal ratio for Ca:P.

2-4:1